Long term fertilization with chemical fertilizer or manure has significantly affected soil fertility and agroecosystem stability in Chinese cropland.Microorganism plays an important role in soil nutrient cycling and soil fertility development.Its activity,diversity and community composition are the key indexes in estimating soil fertility and agroecosystem stability.With the development of methodology and technology of soil microorganism investigation,using microbiological parameters to evaluate soil fertility and health effectively,response mechanisms of soil microbe to different fertilization,regulation of soil nutrients by functional microbe,etc,have been the hotspots in soil ecology.In this paper,the research progress in soil microbial quantity and activity,bacterial community and ammonia oxidizer were summarized based on the longterm fertilization experiment in China.The response of eight most common bacterial phylum to fertilization and its driven factors were also reanalyzed and addressed.Finally some issues on future soil microbiology studies and its application in agricultural production were proposed.