西南地区玉米养分管理现状分析与评价
作者:
作者单位:

(1.四川省农业科学院土壤肥料研究所 /农业农村部西南山地农业环境重点实验室,四川 成都 610066;2.中国农业科学院农业环境与可持续发展研究所,北京 100081;3.四川省农业科学院植物保护研究所,四川 成都 610066)

作者简介:

陈尚洪(1982-),男,四川宣汉人,副研究员,博士研究生,主要从事旱作农业研究与应用。E-mail:chenshanghong@126.com。

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基金项目:

基金项目:公益性行业(农业)科研专项(20150312702);国家重点研发计划(2017YFD0301708);四川省财政创新能力提升工程(2016GYSH-026);四川玉米创新团队项目(2014SCYMCXTD-7)。


Current status and evaluation of nutrient management for maize in southwest China
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(1.Institute of Soil andFertilizer,Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment of Southwest China,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,Chengdu Sichuan 610066;2.Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Beijing 100081;3.Institute of Plant Protection,Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Chengdu Sichuan 610066)

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    摘要:

    为了解西南地区玉米施肥现状与养分管理存在的问题,对西南地区 4个省 10个县的 202份玉米养分调查数据进行了分析和评价。结果表明:(1)西南地区玉米生产中基肥以复合(混)肥为主,追肥以尿素和复合(混)肥为主;有机肥、玉米专用肥、缓(控)释肥等新型肥料使用率低。(2)化肥 N、P 2O5和K2O平均投入量分别为323.52、80.93和 56.55 kg·hm-2,总体表现为氮肥过量和钾肥不足,氮肥超量施用比例为 62.38%,钾肥施用不足比例为 60.89%,且区域之间差异较大。(3)玉米基肥以穴施覆土为主,但追肥养分管理粗放,第 1次和第2次追肥中采用穴施不覆土的农户比例分别为 63.22%和 59.76%,表土撒施的比例分别为 10.34%和 25.61%。建议分区域明确玉米氮肥投入限量标准,引导农户降低氮肥用量;增施有机肥,发挥养分替代效应,同时推行秸秆还田,补充土壤钾素,提高土壤持续生产能力;推进玉米机械化生产,实现种、肥同播和化肥深施,降低农田养分流失。

    Abstract:

    In order to understand the current situation of fertilization and nutrient resource input problems of maize inSouthwestChina,and put forward countermeasures to solve the problems,household survey data which were collected fromten different counties from 2016~ 2017 were used to evaluate thesituation.The results showed that in thisarea,compoundfertilizer was the main type of basal fertilizer formaize,and topdressing fertilizer was mainly depended on urea and compoundfertilizer.Inputs of regional special compound fertilizer and slow-controlled-release fertilizers were heavily deficient in totalsouthwestChina,as well as organic manure in Sichuan hilly area and ChengduPlain.The average rates of totalN,P andK inputs for maize were N323.52,P 2O5 80.93 and K2O 56.55 kg·hm-2,respectively.It was found that 62.38% of farmersused too much nitrogen fertilizer for maize,and 60.89% of farmers were insufficient for K 2O application.Hill placementand backfilled with soil of basal fertilizer was accepted by most of farmers,but 63.22% of them chose hill placement withno backfilling in first topdressing and that of 59.76% in second topdressing,and more than10% farmers even broadcastedfertilizer on soil surface with no backfilling for topdressingfertilizer.Therefore it is important to make sure the safety threshold ofchemical fertilizer application for maize in southwest China,to reduce chemical fertilizer especially nitrogen applicationamount,and improve the technologies of organic fertilizer combined with chemicalfertilizer,strawreturning,fertilizing andsowing at the same time byplanter,otherwise,deep application of fertilizer also should be involved.

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陈尚洪,陈红琳,郑盛华,吴铭,梁圣,曲热朗磋,沈学善,张鸿,梅旭荣,刘定辉.西南地区玉米养分管理现状分析与评价[J].中国土壤与肥料,2019,(1):159-165.

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  • 收稿日期:2018-03-14
  • 最后修改日期:
  • 录用日期:2018-05-01
  • 在线发布日期: 2019-03-19
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