In order to control soil-borne diseases such as tobacco bacterialwilt.In thispaper，the flat colony counting method and 16S/18S rDNA gene sequencing technology were used to focus on the variation of soil microorganism characteristicsduring the growth of tobacco plants，such as the number，diversity and community structure of microorganisms. The results showed that the number of culturable bacteria and actinobacteria increased firstly and then decreased with thegrowth of tobaccoplants，among which the number of microorganism in vigorous growing period was thelargest；the numberof fungi changed in contrast with bacteria andactinobacteria.The soil microbial community structure had a huge alteration invigorous growing period.Compared with rosette stage，the abundance of Acidobacteria and norank-k-Fungi decreased by30%±12% and83%±17%，respectively；The abundance of Actinobacteria and Ascomycota increased by 116%±19% and57%±36%，respectively.The growth of tobacco plants changes the soil microorganism population and communitystructure.Thechange of soil microbial community structure is related to the occurrence of bacterialwilt.Inparticular，fungi are the keymicroorganisms that affect the occurrence of bacterialwilt.