The objective of the study was to investigate the effects of tillage on soil fungal diversity in a long-term tillage wheat-pea rotation system. The long-term tillage field experiment was established in central Gansu in 2001. The experiment was designed with four treatments:T(conventionaltillage)，NT(no -tillage)，TS(conventional tillage with strawreturned)，andNTS(no -tillage with straw mulched).The main findings were summarized as follow:1)Ascomycotaand Basidiomycota were the main dominant groups of fungi accounting for 52.74% and14.10%，respectively，of the total population of the soil fungal community. Treatment no-tillage with straw mulched increased the abundance of Basidiomycotaby15.01%，no -tillage increased the abundance of Ascomycota and Basidiomycota by 3.67% and1.86%，respectively.2)Conservation tillage improved fungal abundance index and diversity index in 0～30 cm soil layer to varyingdegrees， no-tillage straw mulching had the most obvious effect，but the effect was not significant among the treatments.Comparedwith conventionaltillage，the endemic fungal OTU numbers under different treatments were NT>NTS>TS>T in the 0～ 30cm soil layer.Treatment no -tillage with strawmulched，no -tillage increased the fungal OTU numbers by8.07%，12.41%，respectively.Therefore，conservation tillage practices such as no -tillage with straw mulching could improve the abundance and diversity of the soil fungal community in dry farming areas of central Gansu.