氮肥减施对油菜产量、氮素吸收与利用的影响
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(农业农村部废弃物肥料化利用重点实验室,湖北省农业科学院植保土肥研究所,湖北 武汉 430064)

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Effects of reducing nitrogen application on yield,nitrogen absorption and utilization of oilseed rape
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(Key Laboratory of Fertilizationfrom AgriculturalWastes,Ministry of Agriculture and RuralAffairs,Institute of Plant Protection and SoilFertilizer,HubeiAcademy of AgriculturalSciences,Wuhan Hubei430064)

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    摘要:

    控释尿素的应用是氮肥减施的关键技术之一。明确普通尿素与控释尿素减量施用对油菜产量、氮素吸收与利用的影响,为油菜产业绿色发展中的氮肥管理策略提供参考。本研究从 2007~ 2013年度连续 6年在长江中游油菜主产区,开展普通尿素和控释尿素不同用量的田间定位试验,共设置 7个处理:不施氮(CK)、普通尿素减氮 50%(U-50%)、普通尿素减氮 30%(U-30%)、普通尿素全量施用(U)、控释尿素减氮 50%(CRU-50%)、控释尿素减氮 30%(CRU-30%)和控释尿素全量施用(CRU),研究油菜生长、产量与构成、氮素吸收量与利用对普通尿素和控释尿素减量施用的响应与差异。氮肥施用明显改善了油菜的生长状况,全量施用时,普通尿素和控释尿素之间主要以分枝数存在显著差异;当氮肥减施达到 50%时,各生长指标降幅达到显著水平。氮肥全量施用时,控释尿素处理平均产量达到 2 513 kg/hm2,与普通尿素之间的相对产量差为 6.9%,且随着氮肥的减量施用,两种氮肥之间的产量差逐渐增大。氮肥施用对油菜单株角果数的改变是引起产量差异的主要原因,而每角粒数和千粒重均保持在较为稳定的水平。随着氮肥用量的降低,油菜氮素吸收量呈现显著下降的趋势,最低为不施氮处理(38.2 kg/hm2);而在同一氮素供应条件下,控释尿素比普通尿素表现出更强的氮素吸收能力。导致控释尿素不同用量间氮素回收效率差异较小(平均变幅为 58.2%~ 66.0%),且高于普通尿素处理。在目前油菜推荐氮肥用量(180 kg/hm2)的基础上,对于中低土壤供氮田块,普通尿素减量施用可能会引起植株氮素吸收不足和减产的风险,而控释尿素减量 30%可维持油菜籽产量和氮肥效率在较高的水平。

    Abstract:

    The application of controlled-release urea is one of the key technologies in reducing nitrogen(N)fertilization.This study focused on the effects of reducing N on rapeseedyield,nitrogen absorption and utilization,so that to providereference to N management in green development of rapeseedproduction.A six -year field experiment from 2007 to 2013was conducted in the middle reach of the Yangtze River Basin,including seven treatments:(1)CK,no N fertilizer;(2)U-50%,reduced conventional urea by50%;(3)U-30%,reduced conventional urea by30%;(4)U,fulldose conventionalurea;(5)CRU-50%,reduced controlled -release urea by50%;(6)CRU-30%,reduced controlled-release urea by30%;(7)CRU,full dose controlled -releaseurea.The continuous study analyzed thegrowth,yield and its components,N uptake and use efficiency of oilseed rape and their differences between the two types of N fertilizer.The growth of oilseed rape was obviously improved by the application of N fertilizer.Themost significant difference was branch number at maturity stage between the full dose U andCRU.The growthindicators showed different ranges of decline with the reducing of Nfertilizer,and reached a significant level whenN fertilizer reduced at50%.Rapeseed yield of CRU with the full dose of N fertilizer reached 2 513 kg/hm2.Therelative yield gap between U and CRU was6.9%,and showed an increase trend with the reducing of Nfertilizer.The changes of pod number were the main cause of yielddifference,since both of the seed number and seed weigh remain ata relatively stablelevel.The N uptake was decreased by the reducing of Nfertilizer,and the CK treatment had the lowestvalue(38.2 kg/hm2).CRU showed a greater N absorption capacity than U at the same N fertilizer supply,which resultedin the N recovery efficiency having a slight difference among the different N fertilizer rate(ranged from 58.2% to66.0%).On the basis of the present recommended N application rate(180 kg/hm2),reducing conventional urea may cause nutrientuptake shortage and yieldloss,but reducing controlled -release urea within 30% could maintain relatively stable yield level in the low or medium level of soil nitrogen supply.

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张智,乔艳,刘东海,陈云峰,胡诚,李双来.氮肥减施对油菜产量、氮素吸收与利用的影响[J].中国土壤与肥料,2020,(2):140-145,183.

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  • 在线发布日期: 2020-05-07
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