In double cropping rice areas along the Yangtze River in Anhui Province,a 4year sitespecific field experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of different amount of Astragalus sinicus with chemical fertilizers application on rice yield，soil fertility and the number and activity of microorganisms.Results showed that,under the application of Astragalus sinicus, the yield was increased by 40.75%~92.10% than no fertilizer treatment and 26.30%~36.49% than chemical fertilizer treatment.Compared with chemical fertilizers,when Astragalus sinicus was applied,the microbial amount increased by 48.26%~115.78%,and microbial activity increased by 5.88%~29.41%.In addition，the soil total N,available N，available P，available K and organic matter content were much higher.The results of correlation analysis revealed that there were significant positive correlations between microbial characteristics and soil total N and available N.The organic matter content was not directly correlated to the numbers of bacteria but had a positive correlation with the numbers of fungi,actinomycetes and microbial activity.The results implied that combined application of 70% chemical fertilizer with 22 500 kg·hm-2 Astragalus sinicus was more suitable for early rice production along the Yangtze river in Anhui.