In order to explore the effects of different methods of water conservation on the water holding capacity of sandyfluvio-aquatic soil，soil microbial biomass and wheatyield，a field experiment was carried out for providing scientific and rational basis for the soil improvement in the Yellow-Huaihai plain wheat-maize rotation of the typical sandy soil area.In this study，5 field treatments were designed，including the treatment without water conservation measures(T)ascontrol，straw returning(TS)，biocharapplication(TB)，combined straw andbiochar(TS+B)and combined straw andwater retaining agent(TS+W). Soil moisture，microbial biomass carbon，soluble carbon and crop yield were comparedand analyzed in different wheat growing stages. Results showed that:compared withT，4 water conservation treatmentssignificantly increased soil water content in wheat tillering stage，and TS+W showed the highest water moisture，increased by 21.9% and 69.4% in 0～ 20 cm and 20～ 40 cm soillayer，respectively. On thecontrary，TS+B significantly increased soilmoisture in the later wheat growingstage，increased by 18.8% and 32.6% in filling stage and ripeningstage，respectively.There were no significant difference of microbial carbon content among all treatment in tillering stage in 0～ 20 cm soil layer,while compared with T, TS, TB and TS+W significantly increased soil microbial carbon in 20～ 40 cm soil layer, TS treatment increased by 212.7% in tillering stage and TS+W treatment increased by 31.6% in filling stage, respectively, and TS+B significantly increased soil microbial carbon in 0~20 cm soil layer. All the four water conservation measures increased wheatyield in some extent.However，only TS+W showed significant difference which increased by 31.4%. Correlations betweensoil moisture and microbial carbon or wheat yield indicated that water was a key factor for the productivity of sandysoils，andtillering stage was more sensitive. The four water conservation methods could increase soil watercontent，microbial biomassand wheat yield in someextent，and the method of combined wheat and water retaining agent was the best inall，and the yield were increased obviously.