Currently，utilization of crop straw in China can be classified into agriculture and industry utilization，respectively.Agricultureutilization make straw asforage，fertilizer or base material for ediblemushrooms，and industry utilization make straw asenergy or the raw material for industryprocessing.At the nationallevel，the current principle is“multipe-waysutilization，agricultural utilization first”，but there is no prioring principle for the three types offertilizer，feed，and basematerial.In this study，we have compared the history，naturaladaptability，economic benefits，ecological benefits of the threeways of straw utilization，as well as the relationships between the three ways of straw utilization and the farming structure.The results show that straw return is the best way of straw agriculture utilization at currentagriculture.Inaddition，thestudy demonstrates that straw return is sustainable in terms of straw decomposition law and itsregulation.In conclusion， the principle of straw utilization should be supplied with“straw return mainly”besides with“multiple-waysutilization，agricultural utilization first”at the nationallevel.Also we suggest that the government adjust the polices of straw returnsubsidies and the scientists improve the technologies of integration of agricultural machinery and strawreturn，pest and weedcontrol and specialized straw decompositionadditives，so as to extent the application of straw return.