The effects of four treatments，including straw returning to the field(N1PKS)，organic fertilizer(N1PKM)，single fertilizer(N1PK)and nitrogen reduction(N2PK)，on potato growth，nutrient absorption and soil structure were studied，which aimed at resolving the problems of black soil’s heavy texture，poor cultivability，potato harvested with more pasted soil，unfavorable to mechanical harvesting and providing a basis for soil fertility improvement in potato planting.The results showed that the growth of plants and roots in the potato swelling stage and starch accumulation stage were respectively promoted under the treatment of N1PKS and N1PKM treatment.Compared with N1PK treatment，potato yields was increased by 39.78% and 16.95% under N1PKM and N1PKS，while reduced by 23.79% with N2PK treatment.The absorption and accumulation of nitrogen，phosphorus and potassium nutrients by potato plants and tubers were promoted under N1PKS and N1PKM treatments，which also improved the soil structural characteristics，including that soil moisture content and saturated moisture content were increased while soil bulk density was reduced，but the improvement effect of N1PKM was not as significant as N1PKS treatment.