In order to study the effects of combination of super absorbent polymer and microbial fertilizer on soil physicochemical properties and yield of dry-farming oats，four treatments，including no application of water retaining agent and microbial fertilizer(CK)，combination of super absorbent polymers and microbial fertilizer(A)，single application of microbial fertilizer(B)and single application of super absorbent polymers(C)were set up in the dryland area of the Loess Plateau of Inner Mongolia，and the changes of soil water storage content，soil bulk density，aggregates and organic matter and nutrient content were analyzed，aiming at providing an effective measures for improving soil quality in this area.The results showed that，single application of super absorbent polymers and microbial fertilizer，combination of them all improved soil physical and chemical properties and oat yield，compared with CK and the two single application treatments，it improved soil water storage content by 2.0%～22.1%，decreased soil bulk density by 2.2%～5.5%，increased soil total porosity by 3.2%～9.0%，increased >0.25 mm soil aggregates content by 5.9%～17.7%，increased soil organic matter content by 3.1%～13.2%，increased soil alkali hydrolyzed nitrogen content by 3.2%～14.2%，increased soil available phosphorus content by 7.9%～19.6%，increased soil available potassium content by 5.4%～13.6%.The combination treatment had the best effects on oat yield，the grain yield increased by 8.4%～20.1%，the biological yield increased by 11.7%～25.1%.In conclusion，the application of super absorbent polymer and microbial fertilizer can effectively improve the physical and chemical properties of soil and increase the yield of oats in the dryland area of the Loess Plateau，which has obvious advantages over the application of both alone.