辽河三角洲水稻化肥减施潜力分析与验证
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(辽宁省农业科学院植物营养与环境资源研究所,辽宁 沈阳 110161)

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宫亮(1981-),男,辽宁本溪人,研究员,硕士,主要从事植物营养研究工作。E-mail:gongliang1900@sina.com。

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基金项目:国家重点研发计划(2018YFD0200200)。


Analysis and verification of fertilizer reduction potential of rice in Liaohe Delta
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(Institute of Plant Nutrition and Environmental Resource,Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Shenyang Liaoning 110161)

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    摘要:

    在化肥零增长的背景下,减少化肥用量已经成为我国农业生产的重点。作为单产最高的北方粳稻主产区之一,辽河三角洲化肥减施潜力及对产量的影响有待研究。采用线性加平台函数计算辽河三角洲稻作区氮肥推荐用量;依据作物养分需求量和稻田土壤养分状况,采用磷钾衡量监控方法,估算稻田磷、钾肥适宜施用量;对比240个农户习惯施肥调查结果,分析辽宁省水稻生产化肥减肥潜力。依据8年定位试验结果,对比推荐施肥和习惯施肥对土壤氮库及水稻产量的影响,验证化肥减施时效性。辽河三角洲稻作区目标产量为10000 kg·hm-2时的N、P2O5和K2O的推荐用量分别为234、111和101 kg·hm-2;农户N、P2O5和K2O习惯用量平均为271.5、117.0和96.1 kg·hm-2,82.1%的农户氮肥效率较低;分别有21.7%、9.6%和7.1%的农户氮肥、磷肥和钾肥减施潜力较大,氮肥和磷肥减施空间分别为13.7%和5.1%,钾肥需要适量补充;在略增产或减产1%以内的情况下,推荐施肥较习惯施肥降低了氮肥用量15.15%~21.15%,0~20 cm土壤全氮、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量均无显著变化,矿质氮含量增加了4.63%~19.24%。辽河三角洲稻作区农民习惯施肥量差异较大,盲目施肥现象依然存在,氮肥过量施用问题突出,可减施13.7%,磷肥可减施5.1%,钾肥需要适量补充。推荐施氮量具有年际间波动变化的特点,能够对土壤氮库进行有效补充,可以实现稳产。

    Abstract:

    With the current tendency of zero growth in chemical fertilizer application,reduction of chemical fertilizer application has been concerned in the agricultural production in China. Liaohe Delta is one of the main areas of Japonica rice-producing with the highest yield,where the potential of fertilizer application reduction and its effect on rice yield need to be studied. The linear plus platform function was used to calculate the recommended application of nitrogen fertilizer in the Japonica rice-producing area of Liaohe Delta. Based on crop demand on the nutrients and the nutrients in paddy soil,the appropriate application of P and K fertilizer was estimated by means of keeping P and K balance. The potential of fertilizer application reduction was determined by analyzing the survey data from 240 farmers' fertilization practice. Based on the 8-year experiment,the effects of recommended fertilization and farmers’ fertilization on soil nitrogen pool and rice yield were compared to verify the time-efficiency of chemical fertilizer reduction. When the target yield of rice reaches up to 10000 kg·hm-2 in Liaohe Delta,the recommended amount of N,P2O5 and K2O application were 234,111 and 101 kg·hm-2. However,the average amount of N,P2O5 and K2O application were 271.5,117.0 and 96.1 kg·hm-2 in farmers’ fertilization practice,with low nitrogen use efficiency of 82.1% farmers. A good potential of N,P,and K fertilization reduction was showed from the 21.7%,9.6% and 7.1% farmers,with 13.7% decrease in N fertilization,5.1% decrease in P fertilization,and K fertilizer needs to be supplemented in an appropriate amoun. When rice yield increased slightly or decreased by less than 1%,the amount of N fertilizer application decreased by 15.15%~21.15% compared with that in farmers’ fertilization practice,with no significance on total N and alkaline hydrolysis N,available P and available K in the 0~20 cm soil,and the mineral 1 contert in creased by 4.63%~19.24%. The farmers’ fertilization is in a different range in Liaohe Delta,with over-application of N fertilizer. It is recommended that 13.7% N and 5.1% P fertilization can be reduction and K should be supplied appropriately. The recommended amount of fertilizer application varys with time,which contributes to soil N pool supply and stable rice yield.

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宫亮,金丹丹,牛世伟,王娜,徐嘉翼,隋世江.辽河三角洲水稻化肥减施潜力分析与验证[J].中国土壤与肥料,2021,(4):154-161.

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  • 收稿日期:2020-07-13
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  • 录用日期:2020-09-25
  • 在线发布日期: 2021-09-15
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