秸秆还田下化肥减施对苏北地区水稻产量 与氮素吸收利用的影响
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(江苏沿海地区农业科学研究所新洋试验站,江苏 盐城 224049)

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晏军(1992-),男,湖北荆州人,研究实习员,硕士研究生,主要从事作物逆境生理及农业生产的水土环境调控研究。E-mail:yj111708@sina.com。

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基金项目:国家重点研发计划(2016YFD0300604-1);江苏沿海地区农业科学研究所基金(YHS201808)。


Effects of straw returning and fertilizer reduction on rice yield, nitrogen uptake and utilization in northern Jiangsu
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(Xinyang Experimental Station of Jiangsu Institute of Agricultural Sciences in Coastal Areas,Yancheng Jiangsu 224049)

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    摘要:

    探究秸秆还田后化肥减施的响应机制,为苏北地区水稻的科学施肥提供理论依据。采用田间试验方法,在小麦秸秆全量还田条件下,以不施肥处理为对照(CK),研究了当地常规施肥(T1,氮肥的基肥、分蘖肥、穗肥质量比为7∶2∶1)、不同类型肥料减量20%(T2、T3 和T4,氮肥的基肥、分蘖肥、穗肥质量比为5∶3∶2)和氮肥不同基追比例对水稻生长、产量、品质、氮素吸收利用及土壤养分的影响,以期为苏北地区稻麦轮作生产提供合理的施肥技术支撑。结果表明:秸秆还田下水稻分蘖盛期T1 处理群体茎蘖数量(486.2×104 个·hm-2)最高,且更有利于花前干物质的积累,积累率达到68%。化肥减施20% 下,T4 处理的群体茎蘖数最低,但是其成穗率最高,为86.4%,显著高于T1 处理;T2、T3 和T4 处理的花前干物质积累量、总积累量和花后积累率与T1相比均无显著差异,T4 处理更有利于花前干物质的转运,干物质转运量对籽粒的贡献率高达42.7% 以上。在产量构成方面,T2、T3 和T4 处理实际产量均有所增加,T4 处理产量最高,显著高于T1 和T2 处理12.6% 和11.2%,其主要原因在于有效穗数和结实率的提高。从水稻品质来看,CK 显著降低了稻米的整精米率、垩白粒率、垩白度和蛋白质含量,T4 处理精米率和整精米率、垩白粒率和垩白度与T1 相比无显著差异,但是各施肥处理间蛋白质含量无显著差异。成熟期各处理水稻植株地上部氮素积累量在籽粒部分占比达到60% 以上,T3 处理氮素积累量表现为最高,T2 和T4 处理的籽粒和茎叶氮素积累量相较T1 处理均无显著差异。T2、T3 和T4 处理的氮肥利用率、氮肥偏生产力和氮肥农学效率均高于T1,T4 处理的氮肥农学效率显著高于T1、T2 和T3。收获后T1 处理土壤有机质和全氮量最高,化肥减施20% 会减少田间氮素养分残留量。总体而言,苏北地区稻麦轮作体系中,小麦秸秆全量还田下化肥减施20%(氮肥基肥、分蘖肥、穗肥质量比为5∶3∶2),不会影响当季水稻的正常生长和产量,且50% 水溶性有机硅缓释肥配施50% 氮肥有助于增产,提高氮肥利用率和减少稻田养分残留。

    Abstract:

    To explore the response mechanism of chemical fertilizer reduction under straw returning to the field, and to provide a theoretical basis for the scientific fertilization of rice in northern Jiangsu, field experiment was carried out to study the effects of local customary fertilization( T1, the ratio of basal, tiller and panicle of nitrogen fertilizer was 7∶2∶1), different types of fertilizers reduced by 20%(T2, T3 and T4, the ratio of basal, tiller and panicle of nitrogen fertilizer was 5 ∶ 3 ∶ 2) and different ratios of nitrogen fertilizer topdressing on rice growth, yield, quality, nitrogen absorption and utilization and soil nutrients under the full return of wheat straw to the field, with no fertilizer treatment as control( CK). This study could provide reasonable fertilization technical support for local rice-wheat rotation.The results showed that the number of tillers( 486.2×104·hm-2) in the T1 at the tillering stage of rice was the highest under straw returning, and it was more conducive to the accumulation of dry matter before flowering, and the accumulation rate reached 68%.At 20% reduction in fertilizer application, the number of tillers in the T4 was the lowest, but the ear formation rate was the highest at 86.4%,which was significantly higher than that in the T1; T2, T3 and T4 had no significant difference in dry matter accumulation before flowering, total accumulation and post-flowering accumulation rate, compared with T1. T4 was more conducive to the transport of dry matter before flowering, and the contribution rate of dry matter transfer to grain was as high as 42.7%.In terms of yield composition, T2, T3 and T4 increased the actual yield, and the yield of T4 was the highest, which was significantly higher than that of T1 and T2 treatments by 12.6% and 11.2%. The main reason was the increase of effective ears and seed setting rate.In terms of rice quality, CK significantly reduced the polished rice rate, chalky grain rate, chalkiness and protein content of rice. The polished rice rate and whole polished rice rate, chalky grain rate and chalkiness of T4 was not significantly different compared with T1, but there was no significant difference in protein content between the fertilization treatments.At the mature stage, nitrogen accumulation in the upper part of the rice plant in each treatment accounted for more than 60% of the grain portion, nitrogen accumulation of T3 was the highest, and nitrogen accumulation in grain and stem leaves of T2 and T4 was not significantly different compared with T1.T2, T3 and T4 had higher nitrogen utilization efficiency, partial nitrogen productivity and nitrogen fertilizer agronomic efficiency than T1, and the agronomic efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer of T4 was significantly higher than that of T1, T2 and T3.After harvest, the soil organic matter and total nitrogen content of T1 was the highest, and 20% reduction of chemical fertilizer reduced the residual nitrogen content in the field.In general, fertilizer application with 20% reduction under the full return of wheat straw to the field( the ratio of basal, tiller and panicle of nitrogen fertilizer was 5∶3∶2) won’t affect the normal growth and yield of rice, and the application of 50% water-soluble organ siloxane slow release fertilizer with 50% nitrogen fertilizer can increase yield,improve nitrogen fertilizer utilization rate and reduce paddy field nutrient residual in the rice-wheat rotation system of northern Jiangsu.

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晏军,王伟义,李斌,李亚芳,蒋润枝,沈明晨,王春云,崔必波.秸秆还田下化肥减施对苏北地区水稻产量 与氮素吸收利用的影响[J].中国土壤与肥料,2021,(5):74-82.

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  • 收稿日期:2020-05-20
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  • 录用日期:2020-06-04
  • 在线发布日期: 2021-11-18
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