中美肥料施用及产出效益对比分析
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(南京农业大学资源与环境科学学院,江苏 南京 210095)

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李圆宾(1997-),男,河南三门峡人,硕士研究生,主要从事有机肥的应用研究。E-mail:2019803181@njau.edu.cn。

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基金项目:山东省重点研发计划(2019JZZY020614);江苏省农业科技自主创新资金项目[CX(19)2012] 。


Comparative analysis of fertilizer application and yield benefits between China and America
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(College of Resources and Environmental Sciences,Nanjing Agricultural University,Nanjing Jiangsu 210095)

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    摘要:

    化肥为保障中国粮食安全做出了巨大贡献,然而盲目、过量施用化肥也带来一系列生态与环境问题。基于文献资料查询,系统分析了40 年来中美两国在化肥施用量、化肥利用效率等方面的差异。结果表明,中国单位面积耕地化肥施用量增长迅速,2015 年较1978 年增长了406%,达到峰值446 kg/hm2,接近国际公认化肥施用量上限的2 倍;而美国单位面积耕地化肥施用量呈现缓慢增加的趋势,2012 年较1978 年仅增长了38%,达到142 kg/hm2。中国小麦、玉米和水稻的化肥施用强度分别为美国的1.92、1.04 和0.97 倍,而化肥产出率仅为美国的84.2%、57.3% 和82.5%。中国化肥施用量大且效率低的主要原因是化肥施用政策起步较晚且体系不完整,施肥技术水平较低,尤其是在农业新技术的应用方面较为薄弱。今后应结合中国具体情况出台相关政策,加快技术研发与应用,形成科学施肥体系,以最大程度达到减肥增效的目的。

    Abstract:

    Fertilizer has made a great contribution to China’s food security. However, blind and excessive application of chemical fertilizer has also brought a series of ecological and environmental problems. Based on the literature review, the differences in fertilizer application amount and fertilizer utilization efficiency between China and the United States over the past 40 years were systematically analyzed. The results showed that the amount of fertilizer applied per unit area of cultivated land in China increased rapidly, increasing by 406% in 2015 compared with 1978, reaching the peak value 446 kg/hm2,which was nearly twice of the internationally recognized upper limit of fertilizer application. However, the amount of fertilizer applied per unit area of cultivated land in the United States showed a slow increasing trend. In 2012, compared with 1978, it only increased by 38%, reaching 142 kg/hm2. The intensity of chemical fertilizer applied in wheat, corn and rice in China was 1.92, 1.04 and 0.97 times of that in the United States, respectively, while the yield of chemical fertilizer was only 84.2%, 57.3% and 82.5% of that in the United States. The main reasons for the large amount and low efficiency of fertilizer application in China are that the policy started late and the system is incomplete, the level of fertilization technology is low,and the application of new agricultural technology is weak. In the future, relevant policies should be introduced according to the specific situation of China to accelerate technology research and development and application, and form a scientific fertilization system, so as to achieve the goal of low fertilizer application and high efficiency to the greatest extent.

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李圆宾,王舒华,徐璐瑶,焦加国?,李辉信.中美肥料施用及产出效益对比分析[J].中国土壤与肥料,2021,(5):252-259.

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  • 收稿日期:2020-06-24
  • 最后修改日期:
  • 录用日期:2020-07-17
  • 在线发布日期: 2021-11-18
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