The effects of different phosphate fertilizer application amount on the root morphology，rhizosphere soil physical and chemical properties，soil fertility related enzyme activities，microbial quantity，root physiology and growth and development of olive seedlings were investigated，in order to determine the optimal application amount of phosphorus fertilizer at the seedling stage，and provide scientific and reasonable basis for the cultivation of olive.The results showed that:(1)The pH of the rhizosphere soil was reduced by applying appropriate amount of phosphorus fertilizer，and the content of organic matter and available phosphorus in rhizosphere soil was increased，while the content of alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen was decreased. The activity of alkaline phosphatase，sucrase and catalase in rhizosphere soil was increased，but the activity of urease was decreased.The number of rhizosphere soil bacteria，actinomycetes，phospholipid bacteria and the ratio of bacteria to fungi(B/F)were increased，the number of fungi was reduced，and the soil properties of olive rhizosphere soil were improved.(2)Applying an appropriate amount of phosphorus fertilizer improved the content of proline，soluble protein and soluble sugar in olive roots，enhanced root activity，increased root moisture content，root length，root surface area and number of root tips of olive，promoted root growth and improved the spatial distribution of roots.(3)The plant height，stem diameter，aboveground dry weight，root dry weight and root-cap ratio of olive were all improved by applying appropriate amount of phosphate fertilizer，which promoted the growth and development of olive.By comparing the application amount of six different phosphorus fertilizer application amount，applying 45 g phosphate fertilizer to each plant had the best effect on the growth and development of olive seedlings root system and the rhizosphere soil microenvironment.In short，applying appropriate amount of phosphorus fertilizer could improve the physical and chemical properties and biological characteristics of rhizosphere soil，so as to promote the growth and development of olive roots and aboveground parts.