To explore the effects of different types of nutrient deficiency on the composition of bacterial and fungal communities and diversity in the rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil of winter oilseed rape，a long -term field experiment on fertilizer effect with paddy-upland rotation was carried out on a Jianghan plain in2011.Four treatments were setup:phosphate and potassium application but no nitrogen fertilizer(-N)，nitrogen and potassium application but no phosphatefertilizer(-P)，nitrogen and phosphate application but no potassium fertilizer(-K)，nitrogen，phosphorus andpotassium fertilizerapplication(NPK).At the maturity period of winter oilseedrape，samples of non -rhizosphere soil (marked as0)and rhizosphere soil(marked as1)were collected from eachtreatment.Amplification and sequencing of the bacterial 16S rDNA and fungal ITS in soil samples were checked based on Illumina MiSeq high-throughput sequencingtechnology.Community composition and diversity of bacteria and fungi in rhizosphere and non -rhizosphere soil wereanalyzed using bioinformatics.The results showed that the soil pH and nutrient content decreased to varying degrees because of the long-term nutrientdeficiency.The content of organicmatter，availableP，and available K in winter oilseed rape rhizosphere soil tended to be greater than in non-rhizosphere soil，but the change of available K content showed nosignificant difference betweentreatments.Under balanced fertilization conditions(NPKtreatment)，the bacterial diversity of rhizosphere was greater than that of non-rhizospheresoil，while the fungal diversity of rhizosphere soil was lower than that of non-rhizosphere soil.At the phylum level，the dominant species of bacteria were Chloroflexus，Acidobacteria andProteobacteria，with an average relative abundance of30.9%，25.7% and17.6%，respectively；The dominant species offungi were Ascomycota and Basidiomycota，and the relative abundance averaged 52.0% and 6.3%.For-N， -P and -Ktreatments，the distribution of the rhizosphere and the non -rhizosphere bacterial and rhizosphere fungal communities changedsignificantly，but the distribution of non -rhizosphere fungal communities was stable，compared with NPK treatment，whichinduced significant differences in types of species and relative abundance among the four treatments at the genuslevel.The results of redundancy analysis showed thatpH，available P and available K content had the most significant effectson bacterial community structure，while organic matter and available N content had the most significant effect on fungalcommunitystructure.Long -term nutrient deficiency could significantly change the community structure and diversity ofbacteria and fungi in the rhizosphere of winter oilseedrape.Phosphate fertilizer and nitrogen fertilizer were found to have thegreatest impact on microbialcommunities，followed by potassium fertilizer.These findings show that balanced fertilization is still an important measure to maintain the balance and stability of the farmland microbial ecosystem.