Understanding the current situation of fertilizer use efficiency in Xinjiang is very important to guide scientific andrational fertilization ofcotton，improve fertilizer use efficiency and reduce unreasonable fertilizerinput.From 2018 tO₂019，four treatments were set up in 34 cotton planting sites in Xinjiang，includingNPK(nitrogen，phosphorus and potassiumapplication)，PK(phosphorus and potassiumapplication)，NK(nitrogen and potassiumapplication)andNP(nitrogenand phosphorusapplication)，to study the effects of chemical fertilizer on cottonyield，agronomic efficiency and utilizationrate under the actual agricultural production conditions inXinjiang.The application ofnitrogen，phosphorus and potassiumfertilizers significantly increased cotton yield inXinjiang，with the yield increasing rates of31.89%，17.82% and11.08%，respectively.NPK treatment required 5.29kg(3.26～6.51kg)ofN，1.01kg(0.61～1.52kg)of P 2O5 and 4.83 kg (3.11～8.22kg)of K 2O for per 100 kg of seedcotton.The agronomic efficiency ofnitrogen，phosphorus and potassiumfertilizer was4.95(1.46～10.28)，5.30(0.49～10.34)and7.44(0.96～20.15)kg·kg -1，respectively，which showed as potassium>phosphorus>nitrogen.The use efficiency ofnitrogen，phosphorus and potassium were 38.68%(25.53%～57.25%)，14.76%(2.43%～34.00%)and49.25%(30.04%～74.79%)，respectively.The useefficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus decreased with the increase of applicationrate，whereas the use efficiency of potassium had little influence on the amount of potassium.