The aims to clarify the change characteristics of soil fertility in agricultural production and the current soil fertility level in Shanxi province，and to provide a basis for better management of farmland soil resources and soil fertility improvement in different regions of Shanxi province.Seventy-five fix-location monitoring sites for farmland soil quality evolution study of Shanxi province were arranged as required by the Main Direction Program of Knowledge Innovation of Chinese Academy of Sciences，and the soil samples at these sites were collected in 2007 and 2017 for the analyses of pH value and the contents of organic matter，total nitrogen，available phosphorus and available potassium，thus to elucidate the current situation and the evolution in the recent decade of farmland soil quality in Shanxi.The results showed that:(1) In 2017，the average pH value，organic matter，total nitrogen，available phosphorus and available potassium in Shanxi province were 8.32，18.72 g·kg-1，1.07 g·kg-1，14.51 mg·kg-1 and 184.81 mg·kg-1，respectively.(2) There were significant differences in soil fertility in different regions of Shanxi province.pH value was low in the south and high in the north，organic matter content gradually decreased from the central to the surrounding areas，total nitrogen and available potassium content were high in the south and low in the north，and available phosphorus content in the central region was lower than other regions. (3) Compared with 2007，soil organic matter content increased，total nitrogen and available potassium content increased significantly，and pH value and available phosphorus content decreased slightly in 2017.However，there were differences in soil fertility among different regions.The organic matter increased in the south and central of Shanxi，but decreased in the southeast and northwest of Shanxi.The available phosphorus content in central and northwest of Shanxi decreased obviously，which increased significantly in north and southeast of Shanxi.Therefore，in the current agricultural production of Shanxi province，it is necessary to increase the application of organic fertilizer and promote straw returning to the field，and adopt the principle of balanced application of nitrogen，keeping potassium level stable and phosphorus supplement according to different regions in the application of chemical fertilizer，so as to realize the synchronous and stable improvement of soil fertility and production capacity in Shanxi province.