By analyzing the climate and soil differences，sugarcane yield and sugar content differences of representative experiment stations in major sugarcane producing areas of China，the key climate and soil factors affecting sugarcane field production were clarified.Meanwhile，how to improve sugarcane production potential through soil improvement and optimal management of water and fertilizer was discussed，so as to provide reference for improving the quality and efficiency of sugarcane industry.By collecting sugarcane yield and sugar data from 5 representative sites in 3 main sugarcane producing areas i.e.， Yunnan，Guangxi，and Guangdong from 2018 to 2019，14 soil indicators were determined:organic matter，alkaline nitrogen，available phosphorus，available potassium，pH，bulk density，total porosity，capillary porosity，saturation，aerated porosity，initial water content，saturated water content，field holding water content and effective water content.These soil indicators in tillage layers(0～40 cm)，deep layer(40～80 cm)and bottom layer(80～120 cm)were compared.The correlation between climatic and soil factors of different ecological sugarcane regions and sugarcane yield and sugar content，and the key indicators affecting sugarcane field production were analyzed comprehensively. A mathematical model to predict sugarcane yield and sugar content was established.The inter-annual variability of temperature difference，precipitation，evaporation and sunshine duration between different ecological sugarcane sites was significant，and the nutrient indicators of different soil layers at the same site were significantly different.The organic matter and available nitrogen，phosphorus and potassium contents of the farming layer were significantly higher than the other two layers.The soil in the sugarcane area is red soil，which is slightly acidic(4.50.8.The regression prediction model constructed by the above variables had a goodness of fit for the sugar content of sugarcane yield which was 0.79 to 0.97，and the relative error was from 4.54% to 5.61%. Based on the mathematical model of the partial least squares method，the use of key climate and environmental variables such as altitude，precipitation，and evaporation，as well as key soil water and fertilizer variables such as soil available potassium content，wilting water content and effective water content，can predict relatively accurately the sugarcane field and sugar content.In addition，it is recommended that in addition to updating sugarcane varieties in the future，attention should also be paid to increasing the soil pH in the sugarcane area，strengthening soil cultivation，rational fertilization and increasing the proportion of potassium fertilizer，which is conducive to achieving high sugarcane yield and high sugar.