Scientific fertilization is the main way to improve soil fertility and crop yields.The effects of long-term different fertilizer application on soil fertility and crop yields in low-yield cultivated land of hilly region were studied to provide the theoretical basis for establishing high-efficiency fertilization for reclaimed soil in hilly region in Jiangsu.The field experiment was conducted in the hilly region of Yizheng city from 2012 to 2020，and the effects of six fertilization treatments on the soil pH，soil bulk density，soil organic matter，soil available phosphorus，soil available potassium contents and the crop yields were studied.The results showed that the application of fertilizers improved soil characteristics and crop yields compared with no fertilizer.Specifically，balanced fertilization plus straw returning added with the decomposition inoculants had the greatest impact on soil pH and soil bulk density.After treatment，the soil pH was increased from 6.2 to 6.4 and the soil bulk density was reduced from 1.39 to 1.34 g/cm3.Compared with no fertilizer，treatments of the application of fertilizers increased the contents of soil organic matter，available phosphorus and available potassium by 61.5%～176.9%，73.0%～262.2% and 67.6%～103.3%，respectively.The average yields of rice and wheat were increased by 18.8%～111.9% and 29.2%～137.6%，respectively.The highest contents of soil organic matter，soil available phosphorus，soil available potassium contents and crop yields were observed in the balanced fertilization plus organic manure treatment and the second was the balanced fertilization plus straw returning added with the decomposition inoculants treatment.In summary，the best improvement effect was the balanced fertilization plus organic manure treatment，which increased the soil character and improved the soil fertility，and significantly improved crop yields in hilly region.