Terrace planting is an effective measure to reduce soil erosion on hilly slopes and improve soil productivity. In order to explore the effect of long-term planting of different crops in terraced fields on changes in soil fertility，taking the soils of terraced fields planted with abandonment，peanut，daylily，camellia oleifera and ramie as the research object，and plot experiments were started at the end of 2010. By measuring the nutrient index of soil samples planted in terraced fields for 5 years and 10 years，the evolution of soil fertility in terraced fields under different crops was studied. The results showed that:(1)The soil pH of hilly terraced fields was decreased slightly in 5 years，and increased significantly in 10 years，among which the effect of camellia oleifera cultivation was the most significant.(2)There was a significant negative correlation between soil pH and soil total phosphorus，total potassium，alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen，available phosphorus and available potassium.(3)Soil fertility was significantly improved by different crops cultivation. In the first 5 years，soil fertility was in the stage of rapid improvement，and in the stage of stability from 5 to 10 years. The improvement effects of soil organic matter from high to low were ramie，daylily，abandonment land，peanut and camellia oleifera，respectively，with the highest value of 14.80 g/kg and the lowest value of 10.25 g/kg. Compared with the initial soil organic matter content of 7.59 g/kg，they were significantly increased.(4)Principal component analysis of soil fertility was mainly based on terrace cultivation years，followed by different crop cultivation，so terrace fields measures had a greater impact on soil fertility than different crop cultivation measures. Terraced field and crop cultivation measures jointly determined soil fertility improvement，and ramie in terraced field had the best effect on soil fertility improvement. This study provides scientific basis and support for soil fertility improvement and sustainable development of terraced fields in southern hilly areas.