In order to elucidate the effects of long-term organic and inorganic fertilization on soil bacterial community composition and diversity in dry farming region，farmland ecosystem was used as the research object，the single factor randomized block design was adopted，long-term (11 years) fixed fertilization experiment was carried out and high-throughput sequencing method were used. Four treatments of no fertilizer (T0)，only chemical fertilizers (T1)，chemical fertilizers with sheep manure (T2) and chemical fertilizers with biological organic fertilizer (T3) were selected. The differences between the soil bacterial community composition and diversity were analyzed，and their environmental driving factors were investigated. The results showed，the treatments of organic fertilizers with inorganic fertilizers significantly increased the contents of soil total nitrogen，total phosphorus，organic matter，alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen，available phosphorus and ammonium nitrogen. The T2 had the most obviously differences (P<0.05)，compared with T0. Actinobacteria，Proteobacteria and Chloroflexi were the dominant phylum of soil bacteria among all treatments. Compared with T0，the treatments of organic with inorganic fertilizers decreased the relative abundance of soil Actinobacteria，but increased the relative abundance of Chloroflexi，Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes，and there was significant difference between T2 and T0(P<0.05). Compared with T1，long-term application of organic fertilizer withdifferent dosage and source combined with chemical fertilizer significantly reduced the relative abundance of Nitrospirae in soil. Nocardioides，KD4-96 and Subgroup_6 were the dominant genus in the long-term experiment. The relative abundance of Nocardioides (41.15%)，Blastococcus (41.67%) and Solirubrobacter (27.45%) in soil were significantly decreased in T2 compared with T3. Compared with T0，T2 significantly increased the number of bacterial species，Simpson index，Shannon index and Chao1 index of bacterial community (P<0.05). Redundancy analysis(RDA) analysis showed that soil organic matter (P=0.001) and pH(P=0.003) were the main driving factors to the changes of soil bacterial community structure and diversity. Soil pH and organic matter had a direct effect on the change of soil bacterial community composition and diversity. Long-term combined application of chemical fertilizer and sheep manure fertilization had the most significant effects on soil fertility and soil bacterial community structure and diversity. Therefore，the long-term fertilization management of chemical fertilizer combined with sheep manure is an effective way to improve nutrient management and maintain soil fertility in dry farming region.