To understand the relationship between soil attribute differentiation，soil type distribution and complex topographical conditions in Guizhou karst mountainous area，32 typical soil profiles in the limestone distribution area of Guizhou were used as the research object，soil samples under different terrain conditions were collected，the physical and chemical properties of the soil were determined，and the distribution characteristics of the soil under the different terrains were discussed by analyzing the relationships among the geomorphological factors，soil attributes and soil types. There were significant differences in soil organic carbon content in the diagnostic surface layer，cation exchange capacity(CEC) and free ferric oxide content of clay in the diagnostic subsurface layer among different altitudes(P<0.05). With the increase of regional altitude，the free ferric oxide content was increased first and then decreased，and the soil organic carbon content and clay CEC showed an increasing trend in the region below 1900 m and above 1400 m，respectively. The distribution of iron-rich soil was negatively correlated with altitude. It was mostly distributed in low and medium altitude (<1900 m)regions，and with the latitude increasing，the altitude of the distribution area showed a downward trend. Leachite is one of the main soil types distributed in limestone areas in Guizhou(accounting for 71.87% of the total number of research profiles). With the increase of slope，soil pH and base saturation showed an increasing trend，and the possibility of calcareous moist leached soil distribution increased. The diagnostic surface thickness of the soil on the sunny slope was significantly smaller than that of the shaded slope，and the limestone mountain areas on the sunny slope(south，southwest)and semi-sun slope(southeast，west)were conducive to the development of embryonic soil. Slope position was a topographical factor that significantly affected the diagnosis of surface organic carbon，the diagnosis of subsurface clay CEC and base saturation，but it had few effects on the distribution of soil types. In the limestone distribution area of Guizhou，there is a close relationship between geomorphic factors and different soil attributes. Altitude，slope，and aspect have different effects on soil types.