The effects of Stropharia rugosoannulata-rice rotation years on soil fertility and rice yield were studied in this research. In southern hilly region of China，only cultivation one season of rice(CK)，Stropharia rugosoannulata-rice rotation of 2 years(R2)，5 years(R5)and 10 years(R10)were chosen for field experiment. Rice yield，soil fertility and aggregate components were analyzed. Compared with CK，Stropharia rugosoannulata-rice rotation treatment was increased rice yield，and rice yield increased with the increase of rotation years and the rice yield of R5，R10 increased by 9.0%，12.3% respectively. Compared with CK，soil acidification was alleviated in Stropharia rugosoannulata-rice rotation(the pH increased by 0.26-0.43 units)；the soil organic matter，available nitrogen and available phosphorus under rotation treatments R2，R5 and R10 treatment were increased by 42.25%-137.67%，22.46%-95.13% and 63.38%-79.70%，respectively. Compared with CK，Stropharia rugosoannulata-rice rotation significantly increased large aggregates(>0.25 mm)proportion and MWD(mean weight diameter)，and the effects increased along with the increasing of rotation years. Large aggregates(>0.25 mm)was increased by 5.45%-23.2% and soil aggregate MWD was increased by 24.28%-86.55%. Further analysis indicated that there were significant positive relationships between rice yield and soil pH，organic matter，alkali-hydro nitrogen，available phosphorus，available potassium，and MWD(P<0.01). Stropharia rugosoannulata-rice rotation could improve soil structure，soil fertility and rice yield. So，this pattern could provide reference for the optimization of rice planting mode in southern hilly region of China.