Weed control in farmland is an important measure to ensure stable and high crop yield. The long-term location experiment of black soil fertility started in 1979 was used to analyze the growth characteristics of gramineous weeds and their response to soil nutrients in wheat fields under different long-term fertilization measures，and to explore the feasibility of using reasonable fertilization to control weeds. The results showed that the dominant weeds of gramineae under long-term different fertilization treatments in black soil were Digitaria sanguinalis(L.)Scop. and Setaria glauca(L.)Beauv.while Setaria viridis(L.)Beauv. and Echinochloa crusgalli(L.) Beauv. were less distributed. The balanced fertilization had the best inhibitory effect on gramineous weeds，and the weed density decreased by 94.4%，96.6%，98.0% compared with the partial fertilization(nitrogen phosphorus，nitrogen potassium，phosphorus potassium)，respectively. Long-term application of nitrogen fertilizer(balanced and partial application of nitrogen fertilizer) in black soil significantly reduced the density of gramineous weeds community by 41.5%-98.0% and it could reduce the biomass of gramineous weeds. Dry weight of gramineous weed was negatively correlated with wheat yield，and lower gramineous weed biomass could reflect the high yield of wheat in black soil. The density of Digitaria sanguinalis(L.)Scop. and Setaria glauca (L.)Beauv. was negatively correlated with soil total nitrogen and alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen，and positively correlated with soil pH. In conclusion， long-term balanced application of chemical fertilizers could increase wheat yield and inhibit the growth of grass weeds，which had a positive effect on weed control in black soil，but attention should be paid to regulating the balance between soil pH and nitrogen supply.