The effects of different organic fertilizers and chemical fertilizers on soil enzyme activity and microbial community in dryland of Ningxia was studied，and the intrinsic relationship between soil fertility，soil enzyme activity and microbial diversity under the conditions of organic and inorganic application was explored to provide a theoretical basis for the establishment of a scientific and reasonable organic and inorganic application technology system.In this experiment，four treatments were set up:no fertilization(CK)，conventional fertilization + 0.6 times rotted cow manure(CF1)，conventional fertilization + rotted cow manure(CF2)，conventional fertilization + straw return(CFS)，and the changes of soil fertility，cellulose disaccharide hydrolase，β-glucosidase，N-acetylglucosamine enzyme，alkaline phosphatase，soil bacterial and fungal diversity and community structure were studied through one-year field experiments.The results showed that soil nutrient content could be significantly increased by different fertilizer treatment compared with CK，and the soil nutrient content was the highest under CF2 treatment.Compared with CK，soil organic matter，available phosphorus，available potassium and total nitrogen were significantly increased by 2.22%，112.18%，52.13% and 16.45%，respectively，the soil β-glucosidase，cellobiohydrolase， N-acetyl-D-glucosidase activity and alkaline phosphatase were significantly increased by 107.63%，10.72%，4.40% and 39.88%，respectively，in CF2 treatment.Different fertilization treatments reduced the diversity and richness of soil bacteria，and the treatment of rotten cow manure increased the diversity and richness of soil fungi.For microbial communities，different fertilization treatments increased the relative abundance of soil bacterial actinomycetes，green bay phylum and acid bacillus phylum，and soil fungal epistorospores and basidiomycetes.In summary，different fertilizer treatments could increase soil nutrient content，and soil β-glucosidase and alkaline phosphatase activity were more sensitive to the response of rotted cow manure.Soil available potassium and available phosphorus are environmental factors affecting the composition of soil bacterial communities，and soil organic matter and total nitrogen are environmental factors of soil fungal community composition.Therefore，the treatment of conventional fertilization + rotted cow manure is conducive to improving soil fertility and maintaining ecosystem stability in the southern mountains of Ningxia.