In order to explore the effects of growth years on the characteristics and diversity of bacterial community structure in the rhizosphere soil of Codonopsis tangshen and explain the change rule of bacterial community，Illumina MiSeq highthroughput sequencing technology was used to sequence and analyze the 16S rRNA sequence of bacteria in the rhizosphere soil of 1-year-old(1Y)，2-year-old(2Y)，3-year-old(3Y)and 4-year-old(4Y)C. tangshen. The results were as follows:(1)The growth years significantly affected the bacterial community diversity in the rhizosphere soil of C. tangshen.The OTU number and alpha diversity index were increased first and then decreased with the increase of growth years；(2)Growth years changed the composition of bacterial community. However，at the phylum level，the dominant bacteria(relative abundance>5%)were relatively stable，including Proteobacteria，unclassified_Bacteria，Acidobacteria，Actinobacteria，Bacteroidetes and Chloroflexi，with a total relative abundance of 85.71%-91.39%. At the genus level，the dominant bacteria differed greatly. Only Holophaga and Candidatus Udaeobacter were the dominant genera coexisted in the four years. Gramnegative bacterium cTPY-13 was a unique dominant genus of 2Y，and the rest had corresponding dominant genera in different years；(3)The PCoA analysis and UPGMA cluster analysis showed that there were significant differences in bacterial communities among different growth years. With the increase of growth years，the differences in bacterial community structure among different groups was increased first and then decreased gradually，and the bacterial community evolved violently at 2-3 years old；(4)Soil available nutrients were the main environmental factors affecting the rhizosphere soil bacterial community，and the degree was hydrolyzable nitrogen( HN )>available phosphorus( AP )>available potassium( AK ). Among the dominant bacteria，Acidobacteria was significantly negatively correlated with AP and AK(P<0.05)，Bacteroidetes was significantly positively correlated with AP and AK(P<0.05)，while Chloroflexi was significantly negatively correlated with HN(P<0.05). All the above results indicate that the extension of growth years of C. tangshen will affect the bacterial community structure and diversity of rhizosphere soil，thus changing its rhizosphere microecosystem.