As an important component of soil organic carbon，readily oxidizable carbon（ROC）is closely related to soil nutrient supply and plays an important role in improving soil fertility. Fertilization is one of the important measures to affect soil ROC. The change law of ROC after fertilization under different soil properties and climate conditions was discussed， which provided theoretical basis for rational fertilization and fertility improvement in farmland. 78 published literatures from 2000 to 2022 were collected，and 378 groups of ROC content database were established under different fertilization treatments. Meta-analysis was used to analyze the difference of ROC increase range among variable fertilization measures in farmland soil of China，and the relative contribution of different fertilizer application rates，soil properties and climate conditions to ROC enhancement was quantitatively analyzed by random forest. The results showed that：（1）Application of organic fertilizer significantly increased ROC content，and the increase of organic fertilizer（70.1%）was 4.1 times than that of chemical fertilizer（17.7%）. With the increase of organic fertilizer application rate，the increase of ROC was gradually increasing.（2）Under different soil nutrient contents，fertilization significantly increased the ROC content，but the increase of ROC in soil with low nutrients was significantly higher than that in soil with high nutrients. The application of chemical fertilizers in neutral soil significantly increased ROC（34.8%）compared to acidic soil（16.6%）and alkaline soil （10.4%），while the application of organic fertilizers showed no significant difference in the increase of ROC.（3）Under different climatic conditions，there were significant differences in the increase of ROC by fertilization，and the increase of ROC by organic fertilizer application in cold and dry areas was significantly higher than that in warm and humid areas. （4）Soil properties played a crucial role in the increase of ROC under fertilization conditions（applying chemical fertilizer and organic fertilizer）. Therefore，it is suggested to establish a fertilization strategy with organic fertilizer as the core in China，and select the application amount of organic fertilizer combined with chemical fertilizer according to local conditions in order to improve soil properties，maximize ROC content and further improve soil fertility.