This study provided scientific basis for exploring the effects of planting green fertilizer on rice yield and soilfertility，and for increasing and stabilizing rice yield and soil improvement. Data were collected from the published literatureand 362 databases of rice yield and soil fertility under greenmanure(GM)and winter fallowfield(FFP)treatments were established. A Meta-analysis method was used to quantify the increase of green fertilizer on rice yield and soil fertility indifferent regions，rice cropping patterns，soil properties，nitrogen fertilizer dosage，and green fertilizer types，and to explore the main controlling factors affecting green fertilizer effects by using random forest model. The results showed that GMtreatment had the largest effect on soil organic matter content in southern rice region(21.17%). Under different croppingmodes，the increase of GM treatment on rice yield and soil fertility was both ranked as double cropping rice > single cropping rice. When soil total nitrogen content was less than or equal 1.5 g/kg and soil organic matter content was less than or equal 20g/kg，the yield increased significantly. When the nitrogen application rate of GM treatment was less than or equal 150 kg/hm²，the yield and soil organic matter content were both increased by 12.47% and22.36%，respectively.However，the increaserate of GM was decreased with the gradual increase of nitrogen application rate. Under different green fertilizervarieties，theincrease of GM on yield and soil organic matter content was different. In terms of yieldincrease，it ranked as leguminousgreen fertilizer(12.47%)> non -leguminous green fertilizer(7.22%)> mixed green fertilizer(6.32%)；In terms of soilorganic matter contentimprovement，it ranked as mixed greenfertilizer(12.69%)> non -legume greenfertilizer(10.93%)> legume green fertilizer(9.37%). The results of random forest analysis showed that the main controlling factors of GMtreatment on rice yield were soil organicmatter，nitrogen application and available phosphoruscontents(contribution rateof18%，16% and15%，respectively)，while the main influencing factors of GM on organic matter wereregion，availablepotassium and available nitrogencontents(contribution rate of14%，12% and11%，respectively). Therefore，plantinggreen fertilizer could significantly improve rice yield and soilfertility，especially under the condition of low fertilitysoil， GM treatment had a good increase in yield. The combination of GM and chemical fertilizer could promote rice yield increase and soil organic mattercontent in paddyfield，but the nitrogen application of GM treatment should not exceed 150 kg/hm². Legume green fertilizer was recommended for rice and green fertilizer rotation in the rice area of Yangtze River Basin. And inthe southern ricearea，mixed green manure was recommended.