In order to investigate the structure and functional characteristics of soil microbial communities in tea gardens with different fertilization treatments，based on the long-term positioning fertilization experiment of tea gardens in South Henan Province，four treatments were set up，including tea-specific fertilizer，organic fertilizer，slow-release nitrogen fertilizer and no fertilizer，and Illumina Miseq high-throughput sequencing was used to investigate the structure and functional characteristics of soil microbial communities in tea gardens under different fertilization treatments. The results showed that the available nitrogen content of the tea-specific fertilizer treatment was significantly higher than those of other treatments，the available phosphorus and available potassium contents were also relatively higher，and the soil pH of the fertilized treatments was significantly lower than that of the non-fertilized treatment. The soil bacterial community diversity and uniformity of tea garden in tea-specific fertilizer and organic fertilizer treatments were significantly higher than that of the slow-release fertilizer treatment. The soil fungal diversity and evenness of tea garden in tea-specific fertilizer，organic fertilizer，and slow-release fertilizer treatments were significantly lower than that of without fertilization treatment. Different fertilization treatments resulted in different dominant bacteria and fungal phyla in tea garden soil，and fertilization significantly reduced the relative abundance of bacteria in the phylum Aspergillus；The types and relative abundance of species in soil of tea-specific fertilizer and organic fertilizer were similar，while those of no fertilizer and slow-release nitrogen fertilizer treatments were similar. Fertilization significantly increased the relative abundance of Penicillium spp. in soil and decreased the relative abundance of Russula；Organic fertilizer treatment and tea-specific fertilizer treatment had stronger soil microbial metabolism than those of slow-release fertilizer and no fertilizer treatment. Soil fungal nutritional types were dominated by exophytic mycorrhizae，wood decaying organisms，and undefined decaying organisms in the four fertilization treatments，whereas the major nutritional types were different in each treatment.