The effects of organic fertilizer replacing nitrogen fertilizer on wheat growth and soil microbial community were explored to provide scientific basis for rational utilization of organic waste，reduce the application of chemical nitrogen fertilizer，and enrich soil microbial community. In this paper，field experiments were carried out at three different plots in Wuqiang county，Heilonggang district，Hebei province. Five treatments were set up:conventional fertilization(T1)，optimized chemical fertilizer(T2)，organic fertilizer replacing 15% nitrogen fertilizer(T3)，organic fertilizer replacing 30% nitrogen fertilizer(T4)and organic fertilizer replacing 50% nitrogen fertilizer(T5). The effects of organic fertilizer substitution of different proportions of nitrogen fertilizer on chlorophyll SPAD，nutrient uptake，yield and soil microorganisms in winter wheat were studied. The results showed that the replacement of nitrogen fertilizer with organic fertilizer increased the chlorophyll SPAD of wheat leaves during the growth stage，and the effect of organic fertilizer replacing 30% nitrogen fertilizer treatment at the filling stage was significantly increased. With the advancement of wheat growth period，the accumulation of dry matter and nitrogen，phosphorus，potassium in each treatment plant gradually increased，the dry matter accumulation with organic fertilizer replacing 30% nitrogen fertilizer at the ripening stage was significantly increased by 15.83%-61.77%，compared with other treatments，the plant accumulation of nitrogen，phosphorus and potassium increased by 12.38%-53.95%，7.88%-21.03%，10.31%-30.32%，respectively，and wheat yield increased by 14.96%～15.73%. At the same time，the application of organic fertilizer improved soil microbial diversity and balanced the relative abundance of various bacterial phyla. Comprehensive analysis showed that organic fertilizer replacing 30% nitrogen fertilizer could enrich soil microbial community，promote soil nutrient absorption，improve wheat nutrient utilization，increase dry matter accumulation and grain yield，which was great significance for reducing the amount of chemical fertilizer，promoting the safe use of organic fertilizer，and developing green and sustainable agriculture.