To study the effect of zinc fertilizer basal application on the zinc-related soil microbial community structure of potato rhizosphere in dryland，three concentrations of ZnSO4·7H2O，namely 0(control)，30 and 60 kg·hm-2 were set up for different levels of zinc fertilizer application.Illumina Mi-Seq sequencing was used to study the effects of zinc fertilizer on the number and community composition of microorganisms in potato rhizosphere soil under different fertilization levels.1054207 valid sequences were obtained，which mainly belonged to 14 phyla，22 classes，56 orders，94 families，and 210 genera.At the phylum level，Proteobacteria and Planctomycotes were the main dominant groups；At the genus level，the dominant genera was Variovorax and Caulobacter.As the basal zinc fertilizer content(0-60 kg·hm-2)increased，the relative abundance of Variovorax significantly increased by 15.45% and the relative abundance of Pseudomonas and Massilia did not differ significantly，increasing by only 1.12% and 1.08%，respectively.At the same time，the number of microbial communities and Chao1 index significantly decreased，with the highest number of microbial communities in the rhizosphere soil of potatoes without zinc fertilizer，and the lowest number of microbial communities in the soil with zinc fertilizer of 60 kg·hm-2.The similarity of soil microbial community structure could be divided into two categories at a lower level.Samples treated with zinc fertilizer were clustered into a separate group，while samples treated without zinc fertilizer were clustered into another group.The microbial community structure of soil treated with zinc fertilizer was significantly different from that of soil without zinc fertilizer.Basal application of 60 kg·hm-2 zinc fertilizer had a significant impact on the microbial community structure of soil.Moderate application of zinc fertilizer had a promoting effect on the types and quantities of microorganisms in potato rhizosphere soil，but high doses of zinc fertilizer had a strong inhibitory effect on enzyme activity in the soil，which could destroy microbial populations，reduce microbial activity，inhibit microbial growth，and ultimately affect soil quality and potato yield.This result provided a scientific basis for the study of the effects of reasonable zinc application on soil microbial diversity in potato cultivation.