Organic cultivation plays an important role in enhancing rice quality and maintaining soil microbial diversity.Two treatments of rice organic cultivation and conventional cultivation were set up at the organic rice planting base of Muma Lake，Tianchang City，Anhui Province，from June to October 2021，to investigate the characteristics of rice yield，quality and soil microbial diversity under long-term organic cultivation by determining the grain yield，thousand kernel weight，rice refinement，chalky whiteness，microelements，and microbial diversity of the soil at the inter-root level.The results showed that:(1)Compared to conventional cultivation，alkaline dissolved nitrogen content and pH of organically cultivated soils were significantly increased by 16.07% and 35.71%，respectively，while soil total potassiumand available phosphorus content were significantly decreased by 41.03% and 47.59%，respectively；(2)The yield，brown rice rate，chalkiness，chalky white grain rate and protein content of the organic cultivation treatments were significantly reduced by 46.29%，2.35%，32.51%，38.34% and 6.76%(P<0.05)，respectively，and the rate of whole semolina was significantly increased，the elemental content of iron(Fe)and selenium(Se)in the rice was significantly increased by 48.88% and 83.93%，respectively；(3)In both cultivation methods，Ascomycetes，Acidobacteria，Green Bay and Mycobacteria were the dominant taxa，and the number of bacterial species was higher in the conventional cultivation system；compared with the conventional cultivation，the relative abundance of Green Bay，Mycobacteria，Actinobacteria，Nitrospirillum and Patellobacteria in the organically cultivated soil was increased by 74.58%，3.21%，19.92%，122.67% and 41.15%，respectively.The abundance and diversity of bacteria under organic cultivation were greater than those under conventional cultivation.In conclusion，the long-term organic cultivation could improve rice processing quality，appearance quality，cooking and eating quality，and improve soil microbial community diversity.