Fertilization and rhizobial inoculation are important measures for improving soybean growth.The effects of different fertilization treatments on rhizobial application and soybean growth were explored to provide a theoretical basis for achieving high yield and efficiency in soybean production.The experiment adopted a two-factor design，the main treatment consisted of 4 treatments，including balanced fertilization of nitrogen，phosphorus and potassium(NPK)，fertilization of nitrogen and phosphorus without potassium(NP)，fertilization of phosphorus and potassium without nitrogen(PK) and the control(CK)；the sub-treatment involved the addition of rhizobial inoculation(AR)or not(NAR).The yield and nutrient uptake of soybean aboveground at mature stage，the number and weight of plant nodules at full-bloom stage and pod-filling stage and the relative abundance of soil bacteria at full-bloom stage were measured to assess the effect of fertilization and rhizobial inoculation on soybean growth.The results showed that the NPK treatment increased soybean yield by 13.3%-40.1% than the treatments of NP，PK and CK，respectively.Compared to treatments without rhizobial inoculation，the inoculation with rhizobium increased soybean yield by 0.1%-11.5%.The balanced application of N，P and K and the addition of rhizobium enhanced nutrient absorption and increased the nodule weight of soybean.Specifically，N uptake in NPK treatment significantly increased by 30.5%-100.0% compared to other treatments.The number of soybean nodules increased by 9.3%-53.8% with adding rhizobium；especially，PK treatment significantly increased nodule by 48.2%-53.0% at full-bloom stage.The addition of rhizobium under nitrogen treatment reduced the relative abundance of soil Proteobacteria but increased the relative abundance of Acidobacteria.Furthermore，the addition of rhizobium increased the relative abundance of Sinorhizobium in the tested soil，and achieved significant differences under N application condition compared to no N application.Overall，the balanced fertilization and rhizobial inoculation promoted soybean nodules formation，improved nutrient absorption and soybean yield and the relative abundance of Sinorhizobium in the soil.