To investigate the effects of continuous cropping on the yield，quality and soil microbial community of edible cassava，the rhizosphere soil with different continuous cropping years of edible cassava were selected as the research objects. Illumina high-throughput sequencing was used to analyze the structure and diversity of rhizosphere soil microbial community，and the changes in yield and quality，soil physicochemical properties and enzyme activity of edible cassava with different continuous cropping years were measured. The results showed that continuous cropping of edible cassava significantly reduced the yield and quality，mainly manifested in the decrease of plant height，stem diameter，potato length，crude starch，soluble sugar，crude protein and β-carotenoid contents，and the increase of crude fiber content. With the extension of continuous cropping，the soil pH value，organic matter and alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen content were decreased，the content of available phosphorus and available potassium were increased significantly，and the activities of sucrase，urease and catalase decreased significantly. Years of continuous cropping significantly increased the bacterial richness and decreased the bacterial diversity of soil，decreased the fungal richness and diversity of soil，and altered the microbial community structure. The relative abundance of Acidobacteriota，Chloroflexi and Basidiomycota were significantly decreased，while the relative abundance of Gemmatimonadota and Ascomycota were significantly increased. The relative abundance of soil fungi such as Basidiomycota was decreased significantly，while the relative abundance of Ascomycota was increased significantly. The relative abundance of beneficial bacterial genera such as Acidothermus，Candidatus_Solibacter，Bryobacter，and Trichoderma were decreased significantly，while the relative abundance of pathogenic genera such as Fusarium and Ralstonia were increased significantly. Spearman correlation analysis showed that there was a significant correlation between the measured soil environmental factors and yield and quality. The environmental factors that had a significant impact on yield and quality were ranked as pH>alkaline nitrogen>available phosphorus>available potassium>catalase>organic matter>sucrase>urease. The environmental factors had the most significant effects on potato length，yield and β-carotenoid. Soil environmental factors had significant or even extremely significant correlations with soil microbial diversity and dominant bacterial phyla and genus. Continuous cultivation of cassava for a long period of time caused changes in soil environmental factors，thus affecting the diversity and structural composition of soil microbial community，resulting in the imbalance of soil microbial community and the decline of yield and quality，leading to continuous cropping obstacles，which began to become prominent in the third year of continuous cultivation. The results of this study provided a theoretical basis for revealing the formation mechanism of continuous cropping obstacles of edible cassava and development of mitigation measures.