By analyzing the physical and chemical properties of compost，pathogenic bacteria，and antibiotic removal effects，the effects of rape straw addition ratio on the fermentation quality and safety of sheep manure compost on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau were discussed. Sheep manure and rape straw were mixed with 5∶1(RS1)，4∶1(RS2)，3∶1(RS3)and 2∶1(RS4)，respectively，and no rape straw was added as control(CK)，and the composting experiment was carried out for 36 days. The effects of temperature，moisture content，pH，conductivity，carbon to nitrogen ratio and seed germination index on the fermentation quality of sheep manure were analyzed comprehensively. The quantity of Coliform and Salmonella and the concentration of various antibiotics during the composting process were further determined to analyze the safety of compost products. Compared with CK，RS2 and RS3 increased the maximum temperature of compost by 6.6 and 6.9℃，respectively，and extended the high temperature period(> 50℃)for 6 and 7 days，respectively，while the maximum temperature and high temperature period of RS4 was worse than that of CK；RS2 and RS3 significantly increased the germination index of compost products(P<0.05)by 28.0% and 22.6%，respectively，while RS4 showed no significant difference with CK(P > 0.05)；RS2 and RS3 also significantly improved the removal efficiency of Coliform and Salmonella，and promoted the removal of tetracycline，oxytetracycline，penicillin and cephalosporin C(P<0.05). Adding 20%-25% rape straw could improve the fermentation efficiency of sheep manure composting，improve the quality and biosafety of compost products，and the compost effect of adding 20% rape straw was better.