Reasonable planting patterns helps to change the ecological environment of farmland，improve soil structure，and has positive significance for efficient crop cultivation. To investigate the effects of different planting patterns on soil structure，three treatments were set up:long-term maize continuous cropping，soybean continuous cropping，and maize-soybean-potato rotation. The changes in soil bulk density，soil water content，soil aggregates，and soil carbon and nitrogen content were compared under long-term continuous cropping and crop rotation modes. The results showed that continuous cropping of corn reduced soil bulk density in 0–40 cm and increased soil moisture content in 0–10 cm. The rotation of maize-soybean-potato reached its maximum moisture content in the 30–40 cm soil layer，forming a water retaining layer；In the 0–30 cm cultivation layer，the generalized soil structure index of the maize-soybean-potato rotation treatment was 99.60，infinitely approaching the ideal value，and its three-phase ratio was closest to 2∶1∶1；>0.25 mm water stable aggregates，as the most ideal aggregate，had a significantly higher proportion of rotation treatment in the 0–50 cm soil layer than continuous cropping treatment，and rotation had a relatively lower impact on soil carbon and nitrogen content. In summary，the rotation of maize-soybean-potato could improve soil structure to a certain extent.