In order to maximize the utilization of agricultural wastes and improve the utilization rate of chemical fertilizers，a series of environment-friendly bio-based coated slow-release materials were prepared from three kinds of agricultural waste(mushroom residue，leaf litter and corn straw)，adding polyethylene glycol，glycerol and concentrated sulfuric acid. In order to improve the slow-release performance of the coated material to reduce the large amount of hydrophilic hydroxy groups in agricultural waste，the nanosilica was used to construct the network interpenetration structure，which improved the compactness of the coated material. 1H，1H，2H，2H-perfluorodecyl trimethoxysilane grafting was used to further improve the hydrophobic properties of the coated material. The results of the study were as follows:(1)The optimal liquefaction condition of mushroom residue or leaf litter was to use 9 g of polyethylene glycol per unit mass of mushroom residue or leaf litter，at temperature 130℃ for 60 min. The optimal liquefaction condition of corn straw was to use 8 g of polyethylene glycol per unit mass of corn straw，at temperature 130℃ for 60 min. (2)The optimal modification conditions of polyurethane used mushroom residue were 2% of nanosilica content，35℃，1.5 h. The optimal modification conditions of polyurethane used leaf litter were 2% of nanosilica content，35℃，2 h. The optimal modification conditions of polyurethane used corn straw were 2% of nanosilica content，20℃，2 h. (3) The optimal fluoride modification conditions of polyurethane used mushroom residue were 1% of the fluoride concentration，70℃，1h. The optimal fluoride modification conditions of polyurethane material used leaf litter were 1.5% of the fluoride concentration，60℃，1h. The optimal fluoride modification conditions of polyurethane used corn straw were 1.5% of the fluoride concentration，70℃，1.5 h. (4)The value of hydroxyl group of coated materials decreased，and it could be inferred by the appearance of functional groups Si-O，O-Si-O，C-F that coated materials had been successfully hydrophobic modified. The modified coated material surface was more compact and could have better hydrophobic properties. The ammonium adsorption amount of the hydrophobic modified coated material was less than the unmodified coated material，the effectiveness of ammonium could be enhanced if applied into the soil. In conclusion，the hydrophobic properties and slow-release properties of the modified and fluoride modified costed materials were significantly improved. And it was determined by comprehensively analyzing various indicators that the best raw material among the three synthetic raw materials of bio-based coated slow-release material was mushroom residue.