The purpose of this study was to clarify the effects of phosphorus use efficiency of major grain crops in Chinese farmland to straw return and its key regulatory factors in different environmental conditions and field management. Based on 163 sets of data from 27 literatures on the effect of straw returning on phosphorus use efficiency in China’s farmland，meta-analysis was used to investigate the response of straw returning on phosphorus absorption and utilization. The results showed that straw returning significantly increased the amount of phosphorus uptake (range of effect size was from 7.78% to 16.44%) while had no significant effect on phosphorus use efficiency. High soil phosphorus (total phosphorus content was 0.75-1.50 g/kg；available phosphorus content > 20 mg/kg ) had a better effect on increasing phosphorus uptake than that of low soil phosphorus，and soil with pH<6.5 was also more conducive to increasing phosphorus uptake under straw returning. The application rate of phosphorus, straw application rate, straw type, and crop type all significantly affect phosphorus use efficiency and phosphorus uptake. Moreover，the total phosphorus (P<0.01)，organic matter (P<0.05) and pH(P<0.05) showed significant negative correlation with the phosphorus use efficiency. Phosphorus uptake had a linear negative correlation with organic matter (P<0.05). In conclusion，in the monsoon climate area with good hydrothermal conditions，returning corn straw to the loam with low organic matter and high phosphorus content had a better effect of improving the absorption and utilization of phosphorus fertilizer. The amount of fertilizer and straw application need to be considered according to the specific situation. This study provided a reference for improving phosphorus fertilizer utilization efficiency and formulating agricultural production strategies for sustainable straw resources development.