Double cropping of rice and rapeseed in one year was the main crop rotation pattern in Sichuan. In order to explore the rational tillage and fertilization methods under rice-rapeseed rotation，a field positioning experiment was conducted，and a randomized block experiment was designed to set up 8 combinations of tillage and fertilization methods. The short-term effects of these combinations on soil physical，chemical and rhizosphere microbial biomass，carbon and nitrogen content and winter rape yield were analyzed. The results showed that compared with no-tillage(NT)treatment，rotational tillage(RT)treatment increased the soil moisture(23.25%)and porosity(14.79%)in 0-30 cm soil layer，and decreased the soil bulk density(9.78%). In the 0-10 cm soil layer under RT treatment，the contents of soil water content(14.87%)，bulk density(10.23%)，organic matter(5.55%)，total phosphorus(6.12%)，alkali-hydrolytic nitrogen(13.66%)and available phosphorus(31.77%)were increased by spreading application(SS)，compared with the points application(XS)and strip application(TS)treatments. However，soil porosity(7.69%)，capillary porosity(12.25%)and total potassium content(7.72%)were decreased. The contents of soil moisture，porosity，organic matter，total phosphorus，total potassium and available potassium in the 10-20 cm soil layer increased by 12.03%，7.96%，13.08%，24.16%，9.56% and 5.51%，respectively，compared with SS and XS treatments，while the soil bulk density decreased by 8.81%. Under NT treatment，compared with SS and XS treatments，TS treatment increased soil capillary porosity and the contents of total phosphorus，available phosphorus and available potassium by 25.42%，7.00%，18.41% and 13.21%，respectively，in the 0-10 cm soil layer，while XS treatment increased soil moisture and the contents of alkali-hydrolytic nitrogen and available phosphorus in the soil layer. Compared with NT treatment，RT treatment reduced the content of microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen in rhizosphere soil，and TS and XS treatments increased the content of microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen in rhizosphere soil to different degrees under NT treatment. The results showed that RT treatment combined with SS or TS treatments and NT treatment combined with XS or TS treatments were not only beneficial to soil enrichment，but also increased the yield of winter rape. Therefore，SS or TS treatments should be selected as the optimal fertilization method under RT treatment condition，while XS or TS treatments should be selected under NT treatment condition in the paddy-upland rotation area of west Sichuan Plain.