土壤调理剂配施有机肥对设施土壤氮、磷淋溶特征的影响
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(北京市农林科学院植物营养与资源环境研究所,北京 100097)

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吴荣(1988-),中级工程师,硕士,从事土壤改良与施肥技术研究。E-mail:750481263@qq.com。

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基金项目:北京市农林科学院创新能力项目(KJCX20220420,KJCX20230304,KJCX20230309)。


The effect of soil conditioner combined with organic fertilizer on the leaching characteristics of nitrogen and phosphorus in facility soil
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(Institute of Plant Nutrition,Resources and Environment,Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences,Beijing 100097)

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    摘要:

    为探究土壤调理剂配施有机肥对设施土壤氮、磷淋溶损失的影响。以定位试验为基础,采用渗漏装置收集地下90 cm深淋溶水,通过测定2023年春茬番茄与秋茬芹菜土壤淋溶水总氮(TN)、铵态氮(NH4+-N)、硝态氮(NO3--N)、总磷(TP)、水溶性磷(DP)的浓度和淋失总量,研究不同施肥处理[不施肥(CK)、有机肥(OM)、有机肥配施低量调理剂(T1)、有机肥配施高量调理剂(T2)]中土壤氮、磷的淋溶损失规律。结果表明,(1)春茬番茄淋溶液NH4+-N和NO3--N浓度前期维持在较高水平,开花坐果期后出现峰值,之后降低,67 d后一直在较低水平波动,DP浓度变化相对平缓,呈先增加后减少的变化趋势,50~67 d间达到峰值;秋茬芹菜变化趋势与番茄一致,只出现峰值时间不一。(2)4种施肥方式氮、磷淋失总量大小表现为CK3--N、TP、DP、颗粒磷(PP)两茬蔬菜之和分别为85.70、0.75、73.46、2.16、1.89、0.28 kg/hm2,分别比OM处理减少34.60%、51.92%、40.45%、8.57%、51.78%、22.22%。试验结束后,在番茄和芹菜试验中T2处理TN、TP淋失率分别为8.34%、5.10%和0.31%、0.38%,分别比OM处理低32.57%、39.64%和55.07%、36.67%。(3)对两茬蔬菜各处理淋溶液中TN(TP)累积淋失量(y)随时间(x)的变化进行拟合,其中TN累积淋失量与时间以对数方程(y=A+B lnx)的拟合度较高,TP累积淋失量与时间以幂方程(y=axb)的拟合度较高,且各处理A、B值,a、b值均存在明显差异。综上,设施土壤中施用有机肥配施高量调理剂可以显著降低土壤TN、NH4+-N、NO3--N、TP、DP的淋溶损失,降低TN、TP的淋失率,减少氮素和磷素淋失风险。

    Abstract:

    The research aimed to investigate the effect of soil conditioner combined with organic fertilizer on nitrogen and phosphorus leaching loss in facility soil. Based on the positioning experiment,a leakage device was used to collect leaching water at a depth of 90 cm underground.The concentrations and total leaching losses of total nitrogen (TN),ammonium aitrogen(HN4+-N),nitrate nitrogen(NO3--N),total phosphorus(TP),and water-soluble phosphorous(DP)in the soil leaching water of spring tomato and autumn celery in 2023 were measured to study the leaching loss patterns of soil nitrogen and phosphorus in different fertilization treatments(CK:no fertilization,OM:organic fertilizer,T1:organic fertilizer combined with low-dose conditioner,T2:organic fertilizer combined with high-dose conditioner).The results showed that,(1)The concentrations of NH4+-N and NO3--N in the spring tomato irrigation solution were maintained at a high level in the early stage,peaked after flowering and fruiting,and then decreased.After 67 days,they fluctuated at a low level,and the DP concentration changed relatively smoothly,showing a trend of first increasing and then decreasing,reaching its peak between 50-67 days;The trend of celery changes in autumn was consistent with that of tomatoes,except for the peak time.(2)The total amount of nitrogen and phosphorus leaching in the four fertilization methods showed that CK3--N,TP,DP,and particulate phosphorus in the T2 treatment was 85.70,0.75,73.46,2.16,1.89,and 0.28 kg/hm2,respectively,which were reduced by 34.60%,51.92%,40.45%,8.57%,51.78%,and 22.22%,compared to the OM treatment.After the experiment,the TN and TP leaching rates of T2 treatment in tomato and celery experiments were 8.34%,5.10%,and 0.31%,0.38%,respectively,which were 32.57%,39.64%,and 55.07%,36.67% lower than those of OM treatment,respectively. (3)The cumulative leaching loss(y)of TN(TP)in the leachate of two different vegetable treatments was fit over time(x).The logarithmic equation(y=A+B lnx)showed a high degree of fit between the cumulative leaching loss of TN and time,while the power equation(y=axb)showed a high degree of fit between the cumulative leaching loss of TP and time.There were significant differences in the values of a and b among the treatments. In summary,the application of organic fertilizers combined with high-dose conditioners in facility soil could significantly reduce the leaching losses of soil TN,NH4+-N,NO3--N,TP,and DP,lower the leaching rates of TN and TP,and reduce the risk of nitrogen and phosphorus leaching.

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吴荣,刘善江,薛文涛,孙昊,杜颖,陈倩.土壤调理剂配施有机肥对设施土壤氮、磷淋溶特征的影响[J].中国土壤与肥料123,2025,(6):47-56

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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-30
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  • 录用日期:2024-12-23
  • 在线发布日期: 2025-08-14
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