Maize is one of the important grain crops in our country. The ecological environment in the northern pastoral-agricultural transitional zone of our country is relatively fragile，and the extensive use of chemical fertilizers is not conducive to the sustainable development of maize cultivation. A field experiment was conducted in Weichang Manchu and Mongolian Autonomous County，Hebei Province. Eight treatments were set up，including no fertilization control，conventional chemical fertilizer application control，organic fertilizer substitution for chemical fertilizers(with nitrogen substitution rates of 20%，40% and 60%) treatments，and additional organic fertilizer application(15，30 and 45 t/hm²)treatments. The impact of short-term different ratios of organic fertilizer substitution for chemical fertilizers and additional organic fertilizer application on maize yield，maize plant and grain traits，soil physical and chemical properties，and soil prokaryotic and fungal communities were explored. The results showed no significant difference in yield between the organic substitution treatments and the conventional chemical fertilizer treatment，but there was a trend of decreasing yield with higher organic substitution ratios. The 20% organic substitution treatment had the highest average yield，but its soil total phosphorus content was significantly lower than that of the conventional chemical fertilizer treatment. Most of the organic substitution and additional organic fertilizer treatments had an effect on increasing grain nitrogen，phosphorus，potassium，crude protein and starch content，compared to the conventional chemical fertilizer treatment. The properties of maize straw did not change significantly among treatments. Additional organic fertilizer application significantly increased the content of soil total nitrogen and available potassium，compared to other treatments. The various treatments with organic fertilizer significantly increased the abundance of some soil prokaryotic and fungal genera，such as Micromonospora and Chaetomium. Additionally，the application of organic fertilizer also significantly increased the abundance of some taxa related to organic matter degradation and nitrogen cycling. In the soil physical and chemical properties，the content of total nitrogen showed a strong and significant positive correlation with the abundance of several genera. Overall，the combined application of organic fertilizer mainly increased the utilization rate of soil nutrients and changed the abundance of some important microorganisms in the short term，and a 20% substitution ratio was the optimal organic substitution ratio for this experimental area. At this substitution ratio，the yield did not show a decreasing trend compared to conventional fertilization，and some nutrient indicators of soil and grains also showed significant improvements.