To investigate the effects of microbial fertilizer replacing chemical fertilizer on pear growth and soil fertility，field experiments were conducted with full fertilizer treatment(CK1)，full microbial fertilizer treatment(CK2)，and four different proportions of microbial fertilizer replacing chemical fertilizers treatments(15%，30%，45%，60%). The photosynthetic indicators，nutrient absorption，yield quality，soil nutrients，and enzyme activity of different treatments were analyzed. The results showed that compared with the full chemical fertilizer treatment，the net photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance of microbial fertilizer replacing fertilizer treatments were significantly increased by 14.34%-52.38% and 19.96%-55.47%，respectively，the intercellular CO₂ solubility was significantly reduced by 12.77%-40.26%，and the transpiration rate and water use efficiency of microbial fertilizer in medium and high proportion of replacing chemical fertilizer treatment were also significantly improved. Leaf nitrogen and fruit potassium elements were significantly increased by 13.68%-31.05% and 18.12%-26.96%，respectively，leaf potassium and fruit nitrogen elements were significantly increased by 14.02%-27.36% and 21.49%-33.13%，respectively，soluble sugar and Vc content were significantly increased by 4.83%-7.87% and 10.65%-14.12%，respectively，and single fruit weight was significantly increased by 11.67%-15.66%，the yield was significantly increased by 12.57%-16.60%. The highest increase was observed in the treatment where microbial fertilizer replaced 45% of chemical fertilizer，resulting in a significant increase in sugar acid ratio and solid acid ratio by 55.67% and 63.23%，respectively. The phosphorus content in leaves and fruits were significantly increased by 70.63% and 77.53%，respectively. Microbial fertilizer in medium and high proportion of replacing chemical fertilizer treatment significantly increased cation exchange capacity，organic matter and alkali hydrolyzed nitrogen contents by 10.14%-16.47%，15.19%-21.06% and 16.71%-22.42%，respectively. The bulk density was significantly reduced by 13.82% -16.45%，and the available phosphorus and potassium contents were significantly improved. The activities of urease，sucrase，alkaline phosphatase，cellulase and catalase were significantly increased，with the highest in the microbial fertilizer substitution for 60% fertilizer treatment，which significantly increased by 39.77%，35.31%，57.12%，21.94% and 54.68%，compared to those of the full fertilizer treatment. Principal component analysis showed that the microbial fertilizer substitution for 60% fertilizer treatment had the best effect on soil fertility improvement，but membership function analysis showed that the microbial fertilizer substitution for 45% fertilizer treatment had the highest growth and quality index scores，and could be prioritized for promotion and application in agricultural production.