Water is the main factor restricting the development of dryland agriculture.Improving the efficiency of rainfall collection during the summer fallow period of winter wheat in dryland is an important way to increase the yield and efficiency of winter wheat.This study was conducted in the dryland winter wheat planting area in southern Shanxi，with five treatments set up，namely rotary tillage during the summer fallow(farmer’s practice，FT)，organic fertilizer application + rotary tillage during the summer fallow(OT1)，organic fertilizer application + deep plowing during the summer fallow(OT2)，organic fertilizer application + deep plowing + ridge during the summer fallow(OT3)，and organic fertilizer application +deep plowing + ridge + mulching during the summer fallow(OT4).The study systematically investigated the differences in rainfall collection efficiency，winter wheat yield formation，water and nitrogen use efficiency，and soil nitrate nitrogen accumulation among different treatments.The results showed that the application of organic fertilizer，deep plowing，and mulching during the summer fallow period could all improve precipitation storage efficiency to varying degrees，among which the OT4 treatment had the highest precipitation storage efficiency，ranging from 47.5% to 64.4%.The OT3 treatment，due to the increased contact area between soil and air，had a precipitation storage efficiency that was 13.8%-21.0% lower than that of the OT2 treatment.Compared with the FT treatment，the OT4 treatment significantly increased wheat yield and spike number by 19.3% and 12.8%，respectively.The yield formation of dryland wheat was mainly related to spike number，with a correlation coefficient of 0.8371(P<0.05)between grain yield and spike number.There were no significant differences in spikelet number and thousand-grain weight among different treatments.The nitrogen uptake in the above-ground part of winter wheat under different treatments ranged from 114.6 to 130.3 kg/hm²，with the highest value in the OT4 treatment，which was 13.7% higher than that in the FT treatment(P<0.05).Moreover，the OT4 treatment increased nitrogen fertilizer partial productivity and nitrogen harvest index compared with other treatments and reduced the nitrate nitrogen residual amount in the 0–200 cm soil layer.The summer fallow organic fertilizer application + deep plowing + ridge making +mulching mode maximized the soil’s precipitation storage capacity in dryland wheat fields，further improved the yield formation of dryland wheat，increased the absorption and utilization efficiency of soil water and nitrogen，and reduced soil nitrate nitrogen residue，which is of great significance for achieving efficient use of soil nutrients and crop yield increase.