In order to explore the effects of different organic materials returning to the field on soil fertility and microbial community in Qujing tobacco area，based on the field experiment of dryland yellow soil，the changes of soil chemical properties，microbial community abundance and structure under the combined application of chemical fertilizer and different organic materials were analyzed by high-throughput sequencing technology. A randomized block design was used in the experiment，and a total of 5 treatments were set up，namely:single application of chemical fertilizer(CK)，chemical fertilizer + decomposed cow dung 15000 kg/hm²(T1)，chemical fertilizer +15000 kg/hm² decomposed cow dung + 300 kg/hm² sesame cake fertilizer(T2)，chemical fertilizer + 15000 kg/hm² decomposed cow dung + 750 kg/hm² high carbon base fertilizer(T3)，chemical fertilizer + 15000 kg/hm² decomposed cow dung + 750 kg/hm² biological organic fertilizer(T4)，of which T1 treatment was the local conventional application amount. Results showed that:(1)Compared with CK，the addition of organic materials increased soil pH and nutrient content. Among them，T2 treatment had better improvement effects，and the contents of available phosphorus，humic acid，fulvic acid，microbial biomass carbon and microbial biomass nitrogen were significantly increased by 68.49%，22.55%，18.84%，16.89% and 21.17%，respectively.(2)The number of unique bacterial and fungal amplicon sequence variants in T2 treatment was the largest，which was 1606 and 1059，respectively. Alpha diversity analysis also showed that the richness and diversity of soil bacterial and fungal communities in T2 treatment were the highest.(3)At the phylum level，the dominant phylum of soil bacteria in each treatment was Proteobacteria，Actinobacteriota，Chloroflexi，Gemmatiomonadota and Acidobacteriota，and the dominant phylum of soil fungi was Ascomycota，Basidiomycota and Mortierellomycota. T4 treatment had the highest relative abundance of Actinobacteria，Gemmatimonadetes and Ascomycota.(4)Soil microbial biomass nitrogen，total carbon，total nitrogen content and pH were the main influencing factors affecting the abundance and structure of soil bacterial community. Humic acid and fulvic acid ratio，carbon and nitrogen ratio and fulvic acid were the main influencing factors affecting the abundance and structure of soil fungal community. The abundance of Mucoromycota was significantly correlated with most soil environmental factors. This study showed that the application of organic materials in Qujing yellow soil tobacco planting area could improve the pH and nutrient content of rhizosphere soil at 70 d after transplanting of flue-cured tobacco. Among them，the combined application of chemical fertilizer，decomposed cow dung and sesame cake fertilizer had the best effect in improving soil nutrients and enhancing microbial richness and diversity，which could provide scientific fertilization basis for soil conservation in Qujing tobacco planting area.