The study aimed to explore the use of microbial agents to regulate the soil fertility and rhizosphere microbial community of continuous cropping Pinellia ternata，so as to alleviate the continuous cropping obstacle of P. ternata and provide reference for eliminating the continuous cropping obstacle of P. ternata. Taking P. ternata and its rhizosphere soil after continuous cropping for one year as the research object，five treatments were set up，including control(CK)，single application of Bacillus subtilis agent(KC)，single application of Trichoderma harzianum agent(HC)，single application of Bacillus amyloliquefaciensagent(JD)，and compound microbial agent(ZH，combined application of Bacillus subtilis agent + Trichoderma harzianum agent + Bacillus amyloliquefaciens agent). The growth，soil physical and chemical properties，enzyme activities and rhizosphere microbial community of P. ternata under different microbial agents were studied. Microbial agents significantly promoted the growth of P. ternata. The plant width，petiole diameter and yield of ZH treatment were the best，which increased by 11.62%，18.88% and 77.32%，respectively，compared with CK. The four microbial inoculants could improve the physical and chemical properties and soil enzyme activities of the rhizosphere soil of P. ternata. The effect of ZH treatment was the best. The contents of alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen，available potassium，available phosphorus and organic matter in soil increased by 20.37%，18.62%，24.94% and 23.99%，respectively，compared with CK. The activities of soil catalase，alkaline phosphatase，urease and nitrate reductase were significantly increased by 3.38%，61.64%，28.00% and 57.74% compared with CK. High-throughput sequencing analysis showed that compared with single treatment and CK treatment，ZH treatment increased the number of OTU，species richness and diversity. At the phylum level，ZH treatment increased the relative abundance of Pseudomonadota，Acidobacteriota and Actinobacteriota in rhizosphere bacteria，decreased the relative abundance of Bacteroidota and Nitrospirota，and decreased the relative abundance of Ascomycota. At the genus level，the relative abundance of Sphingomonas and Stenotrophobacter was increased，and the relative abundance of Lysobacter，Fusarium and Rhizoctonia was significantly reduced. Correlation analysis showed that alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen and available potassium were significantly positively correlated with Sphingomonas，organic matter was positively positively correlated with Planctomycetes and Zygomycota，alkaline phosphatase activity was positively correlated with Conocybe，catalase was positively correlated with Plectosphaerella，while Fusarium，Schizothecium and Lysobacter were negatively correlated with various soil physical and chemical indicators and enzyme activities. Microbial agents could promote the growth and development of P. ternata，improve soil fertility，increase soil microbial diversity and improve microbial community structure. Among them，ZH treatment had the best effect and could be used as an effective microbial agent to alleviate the continuous cropping obstacle of P. ternata.