A field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of three zinc fertilizer types (zinc nitrate, Zn-EDTA and organic zinc complex) applied through foliar spraying on growth parameters, developmental stages, fruit quality and zinc accumulation patterns in peach trees. This study aims to improve zinc uptake in peach trees through foliar application of the zinc fertilizers and establish a theoretical foundation for their application in cultivation practices. In this study, the peach species "Chunmei" was used as the experimental material and the fertilization treatments were conducted with control (CK), 0.05% zinc nitrate (ZnN1), 0.1% zinc nitrate (ZnN2), 0.05% Zn-EDTA (Zn-EDTA1), 0.1% Zn-EDTA (Zn-EDTA2), 0.05% organic zinc complex (ZnN-OM1), and 0.1% organic zinc complex (ZnN-OM2). The leaf SPAD value, photosynthesis, biomass, zinc content, individual fruit quality, intrinsic quality, and fruit zinc content were measured and analyzed. Results showed that the Zn-EDTA2 treatment most effectively enhanced net photosynthesis and leaf biomass. More specifically, the leaf Pn, 100-leaf fresh weight, and single fruit weight of Zn-EDTA2 treatment was 11.17%, 21.42%, and 21.29% higher than those in CK treatment. Compared with CK treatment, ZnN-OM treatment significantly improved leaf SPAD value and fruit quality of peach. ZnN-OM1 and ZnN-OM2 treatments increased leaf SPAD value by 11.61% and 10.82%, vitamin C content by 16.99% and 13.73%, and soluble sugar content by 8.39% and 8.32%, respectively. There was no significant difference between ZnN-OM1 and ZnN-OM2 treatments. The zinc content of peach leaves and fruits in ZnN-OM2 treatment was significantly higher than that of other treatments, with a significant increase of 133.26% and 130.49%, respectively, compared with CK treatment. Comprehensively considering the application effects of three kinds of zinc fertilizers on peach trees, spraying 0.05% and 0.1% concentrations of organic zinc complex on peach trees can significantly improve the leaf SPAD value, fruit weight, fruit quality and zinc content, and spraying 0.1% concentration of organic zinc complex has the best comprehensive effect on improving fruit quality and enhancing zinc uptake.