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作者简介:

韩超(1989-),男,山西壶关人,研究实习员,硕士研究生,研究方向为资源微生物。E-mail:qingliucunhanchao@163.com。

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目录contents

    摘要

    堆肥提取液是腐熟的有机物料经水浸提后得到的一种高效的液体肥料,是一种农畜废弃物再利用的良好产物,不仅对植物有很好的生物防治效果,而且能大大降低环境污染和食品安全风险。首先介绍了堆肥提取液的成分与基本性质,之后从防治植物病虫害、促进植物生长和提高产量、改善土壤性状 3 个方面论述了堆肥提取液的高效利用,最后指出了堆肥提取液在应用中存在的问题,并对今后的发展进行了展望。

    Abstract

    Compost extract is a kind of high efficiency liquid fertilizer obtained by water extraction of ripe organic materials, and a good product of the reuse of agricultural and livestock wastes.It not only has good biological control effect on plants, but also can greatly reduce environmental pollution and food safety risk.In this paper,the composition and basic properties of compost extract were introduced.Then the efficient utilization of compost extract was discussed from three aspects: controlling plant diseases and insect pests,promoting plant growth and increasing yield,improving soil characters.Finally, the problems in the application of compost extract were pointed out,and the future development was prospected.

    关键词

    堆肥提取液植物土壤生物防治

  • 化肥和农药的广泛使用在一定程度上增加了农产品的产量,但是由此带来的负面影响却非常严重,水土环境的污染、水果蔬菜中农药的超标残留等问题,给我们的生活带来了很大的威胁,一种不损害环境和人类身体健康的绿色肥料亟待出现。

  • 畜牧业上每年产生大量难以解决的畜禽粪便, 农业上每年也产生很多等待焚烧的农作物秸秆,人们将这些农畜废弃物经过堆制腐熟后制成有机堆肥,不仅可以使一些难以处理的农畜废弃物得以回收再利用,还能在防治农作物病虫害、增加农产品产量等方面发挥重要作用[1-3]。虽然有机堆肥在防病促生方面能发挥一定的作用,但仍存在很多缺点与局限性。比如,堆肥中发挥关键作用的微生物及其次级代谢产物不能最大限度地发挥出其作用效果,堆肥的施加方式和应用手段单一等,其中仅限于在根际施肥是其最为关键的限制性因素。针对这一局限性,人们及时做出了调整,有机堆肥经水浸提后可制成堆肥提取液。经过浸提后,与固体有机堆肥相比,堆肥提取液中的有效营养成分和有益微生物更容易针对植物体发挥作用,另外,施加方式也更灵活更多样,可采用人工叶面喷施,还可以利用喷灌、滴灌等技术施肥。因此,堆肥提取液有潜力作为一种新型液体肥料被推广使用。

  • 1 堆肥提取液的性质与成分

  • 堆肥提取液是腐熟的有机物料经水浸提后得到的一种高效的液体肥料,制取时可取均匀腐熟的堆肥与水按照1∶4~1∶6(w/v)的比例放入聚乙烯塑料桶中,一种为通气提取即充分混匀后持续通气, 使提取液中的溶氧量不低于62.00%,另一种为不通气提取即充分混匀后将聚乙烯塑料桶密封,两种方法均可在25~30℃下保温提取适当时间后制得。 在喷、滴灌施肥工程中,堆肥提取液的原液可采取3 级过滤,1 级、2 级过滤结构可采用“滤网 + 砂石”过滤器,3 级过滤结构采用过滤精度为125μm的叠式过滤器,在达到125μm喷、滴灌要求后使之与灌溉水混合配比,使混合后的堆肥提取液的EC值调整到目标植株所需的最适范围,最后通过喷、滴灌设施对植株进行灌溉施肥[4-5]。其中,堆肥提取液原液的理化性质及所含物质成分直接决定了其使用过程中功能的高效性。

  • 堆肥提取液的pH值和EC值对其作用效果具有重要影响。堆肥中的大多数微生物在中性pH值条件下存活最好,而对堆肥提取液来说pH值为7 也是理想选择,堆肥提取液的pH值在整个提取过程中会略有升高,原因可能是其中的微生物对阴离子的总体吸收多于对阳离子的吸收。对植物体来说,在偏酸性环境中,对于钙、镁离子的吸收减少,使得植株下部叶片出现黄色斑点,进而发展为叶片边缘坏死,而当pH值偏高时,植株出现缺素症状,幼叶变黄、干枯。Hoitink[6]指出,pH值会影响植物和病原菌对营养元素的利用,进而影响植物疾病发生率和严重程度。堆肥提取液的EC值的大小可表示对阴离子和阳离子提取率的高低,提高堆肥提取液的EC值,将提高堆肥提取液作为植物肥料的可利用性,然而,高于5 dS/m的EC值很可能会降低堆肥提取液中微生物的存活,所以通常EC值以5 dS/m作为上限[7-8]。EC值太高会导致盐害的发生,会对植物体的叶片造成永久性的伤害, 严重时引起叶片萎蔫、植株死亡,MacDonald[9]提到,高盐度并不会抑制植物病原菌菌丝的生长,但对植物体本身却有负面影响,使它们更容易受到病原菌的攻击。所以在实际使用过程中,堆肥提取液的pH值和EC值应根据不同植物正常生长所需的最适范围而进行调整。

  • 堆肥提取液中含有植物生长所需的N、P、K、 Ca、Mg等大量元素,其中N含量可达8.46%,P含量达3.99%,K含量达2.85%,Ca含量达4.16%, Mg含量达1.22%,它们可参与植物体细胞内蛋白质、核酸、磷脂等有机物的合成,Mg元素还是合成叶绿素必不可少的成分。另外,堆肥提取液中还含有Fe、Zn等土壤中含量极少的微量元素,Fe含量可达0.27%,Zn含量达0.29%,这些微量元素的存在对植物的生长同样具有重要意义,它们是很多酶、维生素、激素的重要组成部分,直接影响到植物体内的代谢过程,植物体一旦缺乏微量元素,其产量和品质将受到影响[10-11]

  • 堆肥提取液中含有一些可在防病促生方面发挥重要功能的有机酸。徐大兵[12]利用三维荧光光谱技术、紫外可见吸收光谱技术等物理、化学光谱技术对堆肥提取液进行了分析,发现堆肥提取液中含有高分子量有机酸类富里酸和类腐植酸物质,还利用高效液相色谱法分析出堆肥提取液中存在乙酸和草酸2 种低分子量有机酸。Kasifah等[13]的试验结果表明,不同的堆肥提取液中有机酸的种类差异很大,水稻、玉米和花生残渣制取的堆肥提取液中含有乳酸、苹果酸、乙酸等低分子量有机酸和腐植酸和黄腐酸等高分子量有机酸,在植物根际,这些有机酸可通过与土壤相互作用来提高土壤中养分的有效性。李自刚等[14]的试验结果表明,牛粪堆肥产品中的乙酸、丁酸等低分子量有机酸种类多达16 种。而这些低分子量有机酸被水浸提至堆肥提取液中。Keeling等[15]研究发现施加堆肥提取液能促进植物根系的生长,增加根系的生物量,主要是其中的腐植酸发挥了作用。Reeve等[16]在大量研究后发现,堆肥提取液中的腐植酸具有显著的促生效果,表现出了类植物激素活性。文献中腐殖酸这种物质被提到的次数最多,腐植酸是一类天然大分子有机弱酸,能影响许多植物体内酶的合成从而改变细胞质中新陈代谢的过程,能作为氢受体参与并增强植物体的呼吸作用。除此之外,腐殖酸还能改善土壤结构,防止土壤水分和养分的流失,能调节土壤的pH值,增加土壤的缓冲能力。

  • 堆肥提取液中含有大量微生物,一般细菌数量最多,其次是放线菌和真菌。与原始堆肥中的微生物相比,经过整个提取过程,堆肥提取液中微生物的种类稍有减少,但某些优势微生物的数量却大大增加。所以综合来看,堆肥提取液中微生物的数量和活性较高,菌群的环境适应能力强,不论是喷施在叶片上还是浇灌到土壤中,均能发挥其中优势微生物种群的作用。大量研究结果表明,堆肥提取液的生防效果与其中微生物的数量有关,堆肥提取液中的微生物可通过与病原菌竞争营养和生存空间以及对病原菌的重寄生作用来表现其抑菌效果[17-18]。St.Martin等[19]指出,堆肥提取液中的酵母菌数量和细菌数量与其对腐霉的抑菌效果呈显著的正相关。Elad等[20]以牛粪、鸡粪和葡萄渣为原料制成堆肥提取液,经过高温灭菌后,对番茄灰霉病(Botrytis cinera)和葡萄灰霉病(Botrytis cinerea)的抑制能力完全丧失。Elmasry等[21]发现堆肥提取液中的菌群对抑制真菌生长具有重要作用,但当微生物被除去后,其抑制作用消失。Gea等[22] 采用4 种农用废弃物制得堆肥提取液,研究发现, 经过高温灭菌和过滤除菌后,堆肥提取液失去了大量的抑菌活性,对3 株真菌菌丝体的生长影响不大。

  • 除此之外,堆肥提取液中还含有一些微生物的次级代谢产物以及酚类物质等,这些物质也能发挥重要作用。芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)和假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)的细菌、木霉属(Trichoderma) 的真菌以及链霉菌属(Streptomyces)的放线菌等微生物,均可在堆肥提取液中产生抗菌性代谢产物, 从而对多种植物病原菌表现出抑制作用。Yasmeen等[23]在研究结果中提到,堆肥提取液中微生物释放的有毒代谢产物可穿透病原菌细胞,利用其化学毒性抑制病原菌的代谢活动。Scheuerell等[24]指出在厌氧条件下制得的堆肥提取液对灰霉病菌的抑制效果随提取时间的延长而增强,原因可能是堆肥提取液中微生物产生的对植物病原菌有很强抑制作用的次级代谢产物随提取时间的延长而不断积累。Mcquilken等[25]的试验结果证明,堆肥提取液经过滤除菌后仍保持一定的抑菌效果,原因可能是堆肥提取液中微生物产生的副产物或代谢产物的存在。李欣欣等[26]在研究中表示,堆肥提取液中存在一些大分子量、热稳定且非蛋白类的化学物质或微生物次级代谢产物,能引起菌丝消解和芽管发育畸形。Cronin等[27]认为堆肥提取液中的主要抑菌因子是一种小分子量的次级代谢产物。除了微生物的次级代谢产物外,酚类物质也在一些研究中被提到。徐大兵[12]利用傅里叶红外光谱技术分析出堆肥提取液样品中含有苯环和酚基官能团。Hideaki等[28]指出,堆肥提取液是一种天然的植物疾病抑制剂,主要是由于其中存在大量微生物以及一些酚类物质、氨基酸等化学抑制剂。Hoitink等[29]表示, 过滤除菌的堆肥提取液使得植物病原菌的菌丝体和胚芽管出现畸形,可能是由于腐殖酸和酚类化合物的存在所致。

  • 以上提到的有机酸、次级代谢产物、酚类化合物等堆肥提取液中的物质,还可以在增强植物的自身抗病性方面发挥一定作用。很多研究表明,堆肥提取液中的有机酸、酚类化合物、氨基酸等中间代谢产物、功能微生物种群以及重金属盐,均可作为诱导因子,使植株叶片内的多酚氧化酶(PPO)、 过氧化物酶(POD)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)等多种防御酶活性增强,这些防御酶可以将酚类化合物氧化成具有抗菌性的醌类物质,当植物体细胞被病菌感染时,通过一系列生理生化反应增强植物的抗病能力[30-31]。Weltzien[32] 在研究堆肥提取液对植物病原真菌的抑制作用中提到,施加堆肥提取液后,植株中的POD、PPO和PAL 3 种酶的酶活力均有不同程度的升高。高芬等[33]的研究结果表明,用3 种不同原料制成的堆肥提取液分别处理黄瓜和青椒后,黄瓜植株叶内的CAT酶活性最高可升高1196%,青椒植株叶内PPO和PAL酶活性最高可分别升高370%和20%。 马利平等[34]指出,堆肥提取液处理青椒后,其植株内的 β-1,3 葡聚糖酶、PPO、PAL活性分别升高12%、367%和20%。

  • 2 堆肥提取液的高效利用

  • 堆肥提取液作为一种新型的液体肥料已经在多个方面发挥出了重要作用,不仅可以防治植物病虫害、促进植株生长、提高果实产量、改善作物和果实品质,还可以改善土壤的物理、化学及生物方面的性状。此外,堆肥提取液在浸种、催芽、抗旱等方面也能表现出良好的效果。

  • 2.1 防治植物病虫害

  • 堆肥提取液可以通过优势微生物与植物病原菌竞争营养和生存空间、拮抗微生物释放抑制植物病原菌生长繁殖的次级代谢产物、诱导植物体内多种防御酶活性增强等方式防治植物病虫害。

  • 在植物病害中,土传性病害是对植物的正常生长威胁较大的一类,防治的难度也很大,研究发现由不同原料制成的堆肥提取液对多种土传性植物病害有显著的抑制作用。李欣欣等[26]在研究白灵菇菌糠堆肥提取液对草莓黄萎病(Verticillium dahliae) 的防治效果时表示,利用堆肥提取液提前对草莓植株进行灌根处理,能显著降低草莓植株的患病率, 防治效果高达42.23%。Scheuerell等[35]的研究表明,添加了糖蜜的堆肥提取液能对引起黄瓜减产的终极腐霉(Pythium ultimum)起到显著的抑制作用,并指出堆肥提取液中的细菌种群是衡量其对植物病害抑制效果的有效参数。St.Martin等[36]也指出堆肥提取液对终极腐霉、立枯丝核菌( Rhizoctonia solani)、尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)、 棉花黄萎病菌(Verticillium dahliae)等多种土传性植物病害具有显著的抑制作用。Pane等[37]指出不同原料制成的堆肥提取液对引起番茄疾病的3 种土传性植物病原菌均有很好的生物防治能力,防治效果均高于30%。Welke[38]在研究中指出,堆肥提取液能显著抑制草莓灰霉病(Botrytis cinerea)的发生,并指出经稀释的堆肥提取液能使灰霉病的发病率降低62.7%,且能使草莓的产量增加20%。 Cronin等[27]用蘑菇菌糠制成堆肥提取液,研究其对苹果赤霉病病原菌(Venturia inaequalis)的抑制作用,结果表明,堆肥提取液对苹果赤霉病病原菌分生孢子萌发的抑制率高达98%,且对分生孢子萌发的抑制效果随提取液提取时间的延长而增加。 Sang等[39]的研究结果表明堆肥提取液能诱导植物叶片的系统抗性,提高防御相关基因的表达,促进防御相关酶的产生,最终能显著降低辣椒叶片上的炭疽病(Colletotrichum capsici)和黄瓜叶片上的炭疽病(Colletotrichum orbiculare)。Yasmeen等[23] 的研究结果表明,农业废弃物堆肥提取液对黄瓜根腐病原菌(Fusarium solani)的孢子萌发抑制率达到84%,菌丝生长抑制率达到100%。

  • 在降低植物叶片和果实上的细菌性斑点症状方面,堆肥提取液也有很好的效果。Al-Dahmani等[40] 用牛粪堆肥、松树皮堆肥、有机农场堆肥制成堆肥提取液,作为番茄的叶面喷雾剂,研究结果表明, 叶面喷施堆肥提取液可显著降低番茄果实上细菌性斑点的发生率,其中最有效的堆肥提取液与用植物活化剂酸性苯甲酰-甲基的效果没有差别。Zhang等[41]指出,在拟南芥的生长过程中喷洒堆肥提取液能够使其叶片上细菌性斑点的发病率降低80%左右,而喷洒泥炭的提取液效果却不太明显,只能降低20%左右。

  • 堆肥提取液还能对土壤中的根结线虫(Meloidogyne)表现出很强的防治效果,高淋淋等[42]以平菇菌糠、水稻秸秆、香蕉茎叶等为材料,研究了不同原料的堆肥提取液在不同稀释倍数下对番茄根结线虫的防治效果,结果发现各堆肥提取液对番茄根结线虫病(Meloidogyne incognita)都有一定的防治作用,其中稀释10 倍的平菇菌糠提取液的防效达到74.19%。朱开建等[43]利用猪粪、茶叶渣、生活污泥为材料制成堆肥提取液,并用盆栽试验研究了堆肥提取液对番茄根和盆栽土壤中爪哇根结线虫(Meloidogyne javanica)种群数量的影响,结果表明经一定浓度的堆肥提取液处理后,土壤和番茄根中的线虫数量分别下降了49.4%和66.3%,表现出明显的防治效果。

  • 2.2 促进生长和提高产量

  • 堆肥提取液中含有多种植物生长所需的营养成分,能有效促进植物体的生长发育,并提高其产量。徐大兵等[44]的研究结果表明,在棉花植株上喷洒猪粪堆肥提取液能显著增加其株高、果枝数、蕾数和棉铃数,植株生物量相比对照最高提高114.2%,还能显著增加棉花植株功能叶片中硝酸还原酶活性和可溶性蛋白含量。徐静等[10]用菇渣、药渣、菇渣和药渣混合物、牛粪4 种有机物料分别制成堆肥提取液,研究其对番茄苗期的影响, 结果表明,4 种堆肥提取液均能促进番茄苗期的生长,其中菇渣堆肥提取液效果最好,株高、茎粗分别达到19.1 cm和5.1 mm,均为对照的5 倍左右,壮苗指数达到0.353,是对照的7 倍左右。此外, 经4 种堆肥提取液处理后,番茄植株地上部养分含量(N、P、K)均显著增加。陈鑫等[45]的研究结果表明,60 mg/mL榆黄蘑菌糠提取液对25 nmol/L NaCl胁迫下的猕猴桃幼苗的根长、株高、根质量、 单株质量均有明显的促进作用,其中根长比对照增加43%,株高比对照增加90.7%,根质量和单株质量分别增加30%和57%。Kim等[46] 经试验研究后表明,以中草药、蛭石、稻草3 种原料分别制成的堆肥提取液,对大豆、甜玉米的根系和地上部分的生长均有显著促进作用,且高浓度的3 种堆肥提取液更有利于大豆根瘤的形成。Radin等[47]研究了城市固体废弃物堆肥提取液对盆栽温室番茄的影响,结果表明,使用堆肥提取液可以增加番茄叶片中K、Na等元素的含量,提高番茄的产量,且其作用效果随施加次数的增加而显著。Allahyari等[48] 指出,堆肥提取液能有效促进马铃薯植株的生长, 施加堆肥提取液后,两个品种马铃薯植株的叶片数、茎高、叶片干重和总干重相比对照均显著增加。Islam等[49]在研究堆肥提取液对茄子生长和产量的影响中发现,施加堆肥提取液后,茄子植株的株高增加67.5%,单株枝数增加83.3%,单株果数增加52.7%,单株产量提高14.1%。Pane等[50]用百合和茴香为原料制成堆肥提取液,研究其促生效果,结果表明,喷施堆肥提取液后,生菜和大头菜植株的生理和营养状况均显著提升,叶绿素含量相比对照均明显升高,产量分别提高了24%和32%。 Girshe等[51]指出,施用堆肥提取液能改善番茄植株营养状况,促进植株生长,增加番茄产量,当每盆番茄中堆肥提取液的施加量为1200 mL时,番茄产量达到最大,总体增产187%。

  • 堆肥提取液还能在改善作物和果实的品质方面发挥重要作用。李晨晔等[52]表示,叶面喷施由大蒜和油菜秸秆制成的堆肥提取液能显著促进黄瓜植株生长,改善黄瓜果实品质,其中茎粗相比对照提高了13.55%,维生素C含量相比对照提高了465.29%,根系活力是对照的1.45 倍。Fritz等[53] 的研究结果表明,通过室内试验,发现施加堆肥提取液可以使番茄生物量增加162%,西洋菜生物量增加127%,并能提高土壤中微生物活性和多样性,田间试验证明堆肥提取液对作物产量无显著影响,但对作物品质有显著影响。Liguori等[54]研究了堆肥提取液对西瓜果实的影响,试验结果显示,经堆肥提取液处理后的西瓜果实与对照相比,果肉色泽度提升了28.5%,多汁度提升了12.5%,甜度提升了18.8%,质量指数升高了18.1%,抗坏血酸含量比对照处理提高了50%。Pane等[55] 的研究指出,堆肥提取液可以使生菜产量提高32%, 还可以提高生菜组织中的矿质养分含量和类胡萝卜素总量,从而促进植株生长和提高植株的营养品质。

  • 2.3 改善土壤性状

  • 堆肥提取液能通过多方面优化土壤性状,在土壤的物理性质方面,施加堆肥提取液可以改善土壤结构、提升土壤持水能力;在土壤的化学性质方面,堆肥提取液中含有丰富的无机及有机成分,施入土壤中能增加土壤养分和酶活性从而提高土壤肥力。Ren等[56]的研究结果表明,向种植苜蓿的土壤中施加堆肥提取液一段时间后,土壤中有机质、土壤碱解N、有效P和速效K含量分别比对照升高59.2%、44.4%和87.8%,土壤结构得到改善,土壤持水能力显著提升。Scharenbroch等[57]的研究考察了堆肥提取液对两种土壤的性状的影响,结果表明,堆肥提取液能显著增加土壤中有机质、全N、碱解N、有效P、速效K含量,因堆肥提取液中含有的大量有益微生物,施加到土壤中能增加土壤微生物的生物量,且能通过改善土壤结构,为土壤微生物提供更好的生活环境,提高土壤微生物活性。与其他合成肥料相比,堆肥提取液具有较低的N2O总流出量和较强的微生物固定化能力以及更大的养分保留潜力。罗东明等[58]的研究结果表明,对城市行道树多次施加堆肥提取液后,发现行道树土壤中速效N、有效P、速效K含量最高可分别增加50%、70%和75%,提高了城市行道树土壤肥力。除N、P、K等大量元素外,堆肥提取液中还含有多种植物必需的微量元素,施入后使土壤中Fe、Mn、Zn等微量元素大幅增加,保证了植物体的正常生长。堆肥提取液中还有从原始堆肥中浸提出的多种酶,活性比土壤中的酶活性高几十至几百倍,可通过提高土壤中与养分转化有关的酶活性以提高土壤肥力。Hegazi等[59]的研究表明,施加堆肥提取液可以增加植株根际土壤中的细菌数量,但对真菌有抑制作用,特别是对土壤中的植物病原菌具有拮抗作用,此外还可以增加土壤中的N、P、K含量,促进植物对营养元素的吸收。 Kasifah等[13]在研究中指出,堆肥提取液的使用,可以明显改善土壤质量,使土壤可利用P的含量增加225%。

  • 在土壤的生物性质方面,堆肥提取液中含有大量的优势微生物种群,可以增加土壤中微生物群落结构多样性。Janzen等[60]指出,向土壤中加入堆肥提取液,可提高土壤微生物的固着能力、反硝化能力和硫酸盐还原能力,在微环境水平上促进了一些土壤微生物群落的功能,并表明这一改变可能和种群间交换生长因子有关。徐大兵[12]的研究结果表明,猪粪堆肥提取液中可培养细菌数量达到8.1×107 CFU/mL,可培养放线菌数量达到27.7× 104 CFU/mL,可培养真菌数量达到17.7×103 CFU/mL, 施用猪粪堆肥提取液可以使土壤中细菌和放线菌的总数显著增加,同时使土壤中真菌的数量减少,由此提升了土壤中细菌的丰富度和遗传多样性,降低了真菌的丰富度和遗传多样性。Larkin[61]在研究堆肥提取液对土壤微生物群落特性的影响中表明, 由蚯蚓粪堆肥制成的提取液中存在大量微生物,施加堆肥提取液后,土壤中的细菌种群在随后的评估中明显增加,相比未处理的土壤,含有更丰富的微生物种群。Edenborn等[62]利用群落生理图谱进行研究,结果发现,堆肥提取液改变了土壤微生物活性和功能多样性,从而有效促进了茄子的生长。 Henrik等[63]指出,土壤生物增强技术在农业和污染土壤生物修复中有着广阔的应用前景,而利用堆肥提取液向土壤中提供微生物的方法越来越受到重视,这一方法可以在土壤的生物修复和病原菌的抑制方面发挥重要作用。

  • 3 现存问题及展望

  • 现有的很多研究都已经证明了堆肥提取液具有显著的防病促生效果,但其作用效果的稳定性却受到诸多因素的影响。在使用中仍然存在以下几个问题:

  • (1)堆肥原料的种类多且来源不稳定是影响堆肥提取液性质的重要因素,目前堆肥类别很多,有畜禽粪堆肥,垃圾污泥堆肥,作物秸秆堆肥,菌渣堆肥等,这些堆肥均可经提取后制成堆肥提取液。有研究表明32 种不同原料制成的堆肥提取液中,单纯的植物原料堆肥提取液对苹果黑星菌(Venturia inaequalis)孢子没有任何抑制作用,而当其中添加了畜禽粪便后却表现出了明显的抑菌效果[20]。然而,另有研究却表明,分别用葡萄渣和畜禽粪便为原料制成的堆肥提取液,对灰葡萄孢菌(Botrytis cinerea)的抑制效果并没有显著性差异[64]。所以,比较不同原料制成的堆肥提取液的效果的优劣,应根据原料本身的理化性质以及针对的不同植物病原菌等多方面因素综合而定。由同一种原料制取的堆肥提取液,由于不同批次原料的生物、化学和物理性质有所不同,使其不同时期的防病促生效果上可能也会存在差异。

  • (2)堆肥提取液的提取过程中是否需要持续通气也是一个关键且有争议的影响因素,有研究认为通气条件下制取的堆肥提取液比不通气堆肥提取液效果好,因为它们往往具有较高的微生物数量和多样性;也有研究认为不通气堆肥提取液对植物病原菌有更显著的抑制作用,通气堆肥提取液对病原菌的抑制作用不明显[65-66]

  • (3)由腐熟的堆肥制作提取液所用的提取时间也直接影响最终堆肥提取液的效果,文献中涉及到的提取液时间从十几小时到十几天不等,堆肥提取液的最佳提取时间是堆肥中大部分可溶性养分和微生物被提取出、有害物质产生最少、能表现出最好的防病促生效果时所用的时间,堆肥提取液的防病促生效果随提取时间的不同有很大差别,针对不同的堆肥原料及最终不同的作用对象,达到最好效果所需的提取时间也不同。有研究表明,提取时间为4 和16 d时所表现出的疾病抑制效果相同,原因可能是,在无氧发酵的前期,堆肥提取液中微生物的拮抗作用发挥了重要作用,后期则是由积累的代谢产物发挥了作用[6467]

  • (4)堆肥提取液中可能存在重金属超标和抗生素残留的问题。堆肥提取液的制作原料中一部分利用了动物的粪便,而现在很多动物饲料中添加了大量的Cu、Zn、As等元素以及大量的抗生素,而过量的这些物质主要通过粪便排出动物体外,如果不经处理直接利用这些动物的粪便制作成堆肥提取液,施加到农田后会造成水土的污染,还会造成农产品重金属超标等隐患[68]

  • 尽管堆肥提取液仍存在一些待解决的问题,但凭借其成本较低、环境友好等特点仍有潜力在植物疾病管理上发挥作用。随着科技水平的不断提升,利用一些现代的生物技术,如末端限制性片段长度多态性分析、变性梯度凝胶电泳等,可以对堆肥提取液中的微生物多样性和功能多样性进行评估,从而让人们更好地了解堆肥提取液中与疾病控制有关的微生物群落的变化,还可以利用一些其他技术,如光谱技术和色谱技术等,可以准确检测出堆肥提取液中物质成分,只有充分了解堆肥提取液和植物病原菌以及植物体间的相互作用,才能不断修正堆肥提取液的生产规范和应用技术,优化出一种高效模式。当前面临的挑战是如何把堆肥提取液的使用整合到蔬菜、水果等的商业化生产系统中,其中首要问题便是建立一套完善的使用标准以及开发出堆肥提取液的质量检测工具,以减少堆肥提取液防病促生效果的不稳定性及保证其使用的安全性。当然,要将堆肥提取液打造成一款成熟的绿色有机液肥产品,还需要植物生理学、分子生物学、发酵科学、作物栽培学、土壤科学等多个领域的专家和研究人员进行更加全方位的合作研究。堆肥提取液更加广泛的应用将在加强自然资源的重复利用及减少农药、化肥使用等方面发挥重要作用。

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