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作者简介:

陈静(1997-),女,山东人,学士,研究方向为葡萄栽培与酿酒。E-mail:1366761272@qq.com。

通讯作者:

宋建强,E-mail:songjianqiang0930@163.com;

李记明,E-mail:zyljm@163.com。

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目录contents

    摘要

    大田试验条件下研究了酸性土壤改良剂对蛇龙珠葡萄园酸性土壤的改良作用及其对葡萄与葡萄酒品质的影响。以钾长石和白云石煅烧粉末为土壤改良剂,于葡萄萌芽前分别以 0、4500 和 9000 kg/hm2 的用量对葡萄园土壤进行改良处理。结果表明:与对照相比,随着土壤改良剂用量的增加,不同土层土壤 pH、电导率呈增加的趋势, 高剂量土壤改良剂使 0 ~ 20、20 ~ 40 cm 土层土壤交换性 K、Ca 和 Mg 等矿质元素的含量增加 23.8% ~ 102.7%。 土壤改良剂处理对葡萄生长指标无显著影响。与对照相比,两种用量土壤改良剂处理使葡萄果实成熟度(糖酸比)显著增加 10.7%、9.4%。此外,高剂量土壤改良剂处理使葡萄酒中总酚、单宁、黄酮等酚类物质含量显著提高 16.8%、10.4%、7.1%。酿酒葡萄园施用酸性土壤改良剂可有效改良酸性土壤且提高果实成熟度和葡萄酒的品质。

    Abstract

    Field experiment was conducted in Yantai wine region to explore the effect of chemical soil amendment on acidic soil,vine growth and the quality of grape and wine.Three levels(0,4500 and 9000 kg/hm2 )of soil amendment,from calcined dolomite and potash feldspar in powder,were applied in Cabernet Gernischt vineyard.The result showed that with the increase of soil amendment,soil pH was increased,as well as soil electric conductivity,and the contents of K,Ca and Mg in the 0 ~ 20,20 ~ 40 cm soil layer were increased by 23.8% ~ 102.7%,with high dosage of soil amendment.Soil amendment treatments had no effect on vine growth,while the treatments increased grape maturity by 10.7% and 9.4%, compared with the control.The contents of phenolic compounds and tannins of wine were elevated significantly by 16.8%, 10.4%,7.1%,respectively,with high dosage of soil amendment.The results indicated that the treatment of chemical soil amendment could effectively ameliorate acid soil,and improve fruit maturity and wine quality.

  • 同一葡萄园中,栽培品种相同,管理措施一致的条件下,土壤是限制葡萄植株生长的重要因素[1]。土壤质地、土层深度、土壤阳离子交换容量、营养物质含量、pH等土壤本身的内在因素都会影响葡萄的生长,进而影响葡萄与葡萄酒的质量[2-4]。健康的土壤可以维持一定的酸碱平衡。一般在pH为6~6.5的微酸性环境中,葡萄生长结果较好[5]。pH过高或者过低会引起葡萄营养的失调。土壤pH过低会导致其中营养元素大量淋失,一些重金属元素如Al的有效性增加,过高的Al阻碍P、 K、Ca、Mg等元素的吸收和运转,抑制葡萄树体的生长[6-7],导致葡萄产量和品质的降低[8],加速葡萄的衰老死亡[9-10]

  • 酸性土壤的改良方法主要可以分为化学无机改良剂改良、有机物料改良、碱性肥料改良及合理施肥、作物间套作等[11]。石灰是常用的酸化土壤化学无机改良剂,可有效降低葡萄铝锰毒害[12],但石灰易引起葡萄叶片缺铁性黄化,限制葡萄的生长,影响葡萄的产量[13],长期施用石灰易引起土壤板结,造成土壤中的有效磷、钾等无法被吸收利用[14]。刘阳等[15]研究发现,钾长石和白云石高温煅烧制得的钾钙镁型土壤改良剂呈强碱性,富含土壤钾钙镁元素,是有效的酸性土壤改良剂,但其在酿酒葡萄栽培中尚未得到应用。

  • 烟台是我国优质葡萄酒的重要产区。近几年的研究表明,长期以来不合理的农业措施如大量或过量施用氮肥导致土壤严重酸化[16-17],势必降低该产区葡萄酒的整体品质,制约该产区葡萄酒产业的发展[1618]。因此,本文拟揭示钾钙镁型土壤改良剂施用对酿酒葡萄园土壤理化指标、葡萄生长、葡萄与葡萄酒品质的影响,旨在为其在酿酒葡萄园土壤改良中的应用提供实践指导。

  • 1 材料与方法

  • 1.1 试验材料

  • 供试葡萄品种为10年生蛇龙珠(Cabernet Gernischt),南北行向,株行距为1.5m×2.0m,篱架,单干双臂整形。供试土壤改良剂为钾长石和白云石经高温煅烧而获得,其中K2O、CaO、MgO含量分别为10.1%、35.2%、10.2%,pH值为11.5。

  • 1.2 试验方法

  • 试验于2016年在山东省蓬莱市酿酒葡萄基地(37°37′34.5″N、121°1′47.8″E)进行,试验地土壤为壤质砂土,0~20cm土层粘粒(<2μm)含量为2.85%,粉砂(2~20 μm)含量为6.37%,砂粒(20 μm~2mm)含量为68.59%;20~40cm土层粘粒含量为2.34%;粉砂含量为7.13%;砂粒含量为66.78%。不同土层土壤pH值分别为5.72和4.50,有机质含量分别为1.19%和0.65%。选择树体生长中等、架面整齐地块,于葡萄萌芽前,以不施用土壤改良剂为对照(T0),以4500和9000kg/hm2 的用量(分别用T1和T2表示)向不同区域土壤中施入土壤改良剂。采用施肥机将土壤改良剂均匀施入行间,再用旋耕机混匀。各处理的面积约1000m2,每个处理设3个田间重复。葡萄生长期采用统一的管理规范。

  • 1.3 指标检测方法

  • 1.3.1 土壤指标

  • 葡萄果实采收后,采用“S”形采样法,于葡萄行间距离植株主干30cm处分别取0~20、 20~40cm土层的土样(5个点的混合样,1kg),每个处理3个重复。土样经风干后过2mm筛待测。土壤理化指标参考土壤农业化学分析方法[19]测定。土壤pH采用pH计测定(土水比为1∶2.5); 电导率采用电导率仪测定(土水比为1∶5);交换性K、Ca、Mg等采用乙酸铵浸提,原子吸收分光光度计测定。

  • 1.3.2 葡萄树体生长指标

  • 于葡萄开花期观察记录葡萄生长指标。新稍的长度:每个处理选取5株树,每株树随机取2个主梢,用直尺测量;节间长度:每个处理选取5株树,每株树随机取2个主梢,用直尺逐一测量其上各节长度,取平均值;叶绿素含量:选择各处理植株结果枝基部第5~6节位成熟叶片(代表多数叶色的叶片),用日本柯尼卡美能达公司生产的SPAD-502型叶绿素计测定;叶片湿重:随机选取20个新鲜叶片用电子天平测定;叶面积参考文献 [20]的方法测定。

  • 1.3.3 葡萄果实指标

  • 于葡萄果实成熟期采收果实。每个处理采收20kg。果粒质量用电子天平测定;果汁总糖含量(以葡萄糖计)采用菲林试剂法测定;总酸含量(以酒石酸计)用中和滴定法测定;pH用pH计测定。每个葡萄样品重复检测3次。

  • 1.3.4 葡萄酒指标

  • 按照干红葡萄酒发酵工艺分别对不同处理葡萄果实进行葡萄酒的酿造。葡萄酒总酸、挥发酸(以醋酸计)、残糖、酒精度、总酚、丹宁等指标参考文献[21]的分析方法。总花色苷含量参考Lee等[22] 的方法测定。黄酮的测定参考刘迪迪等[23]的方法测定。每个葡萄酒样品重复检测3次。

  • 1.4 数据处理

  • 采用office2007处理数据和绘图,应用SPSS 18.0统计分析软件对相关指标进行方差分析。

  • 2 结果与分析

  • 2.1 土壤改良剂对土壤理化指标的影响

  • 由图1可知,试验酿酒葡萄园中,不同土层土壤pH值均较低,20~40cm土层土壤pH甚至低于4.50,说明试验地块土壤酸化问题严重。随着土壤改良剂用量的增加,不同土层土壤pH呈增加的趋势。与T0相比,T1和T2处理可以分别使0~20cm土层土壤pH显著增加28.2%和39.0%,分别使20~40cm土层土壤pH显著增加24.3%和53.2%。

  • 图1 土壤改良剂处理对土壤pH值的影响

  • 注:不同字母代表相关指标具有显著性差异。下同。

  • 由图2可知,低用量的土壤改良剂对不同土层土壤电导率的影响不显著,但高用量土壤改良剂显著增加土壤电导率。与T0相比,T2处理分别使0~20、 20~40cm土层土壤电导率增大49.8%和39.5%。

  • 图2 土壤改良剂处理对土壤电导率的影响

  • 由表1可知,与T0相比,T1处理对土壤中交换性K的影响不显著,而T2处理分别使0~20、 20~40cm土层土壤交换性K含量增加23.8%和48.0%。随着土壤改良剂用量的增加,土壤中交换性Ca和Mg含量呈增加的趋势。T2处理分别使0~20、20~40cm土层土壤交换性Ca含量显著增加74.2%和79.4%,分别使交换性Mg含量增加102.7%和78.0%。

  • 表1 土壤改良剂对土壤矿质元素的影响(mg/kg)

  • 注:同一列不同小写字母代表相关指标具有显著性差异。下同。

  • 2.2 土壤改良剂对葡萄生长和果实指标的影响

  • 葡萄新稍长度、叶绿素含量、叶片湿重及叶面积等是酿酒葡萄生长状况的重要指标,其直接影响葡萄叶片光合作用。由表2可知,随着土壤改良剂用量的增加,葡萄叶片叶绿素含量呈增加的趋势,但是统计分析并没有达到显著性水平。土壤改良剂处理对葡萄叶片湿重、枝条节间长度和新稍长度的影响不显著。

  • 由表2和图3可知,T1、T2处理降低果粒质量,提高果汁pH值,但没有达到显著性水平。与T0相比,T1、T2处理分别使葡萄果汁总糖含量显著增加3.4%、2.5%,而使总酸含量显著降低8.9%和8.9%。T1和T2处理分别使果实成熟度(糖酸比) 显著增加10.7%和9.4%。

  • 表2 土壤改良剂对蛇龙珠葡萄生长的影响

  • 图3 土壤改良剂对葡萄果实成熟度指标的影响

  • 2.3 土壤改良剂对葡萄酒指标的影响

  • 由表3可知,不同土壤改良剂处理下葡萄酒酒精度范围为12.66%~12.75%,残糖含量低于4.0g/L,挥发酸含量低于1.2g/L,满足葡萄酒国家标准。与T0相比,T1和T2处理降低了葡萄酒中总酸含量,但是没有显著差异。土壤改良剂处理显著提高了葡萄酒pH。

  • 表3 土壤改良剂对葡萄酒基本理化指标的影响

  • 由图4可知,随着土壤改良剂用量的增加,葡萄酒中总酚、单宁含量呈增加的趋势。与T0相比,T1处理使葡萄酒中总酚含量增加3.2%,但没有达到显著性水平,T2处理使总酚含量显著增加16.8%。T1和T2处理葡萄酒中单宁含量比T0处理显著高3.2%和10.4%。T1处理对葡萄酒中黄酮含量没有显著影响,但是T2处理下葡萄酒中黄酮含量显著提高7.1%。土壤改良剂施用对葡萄酒中花色苷的含量没有显著影响。

  • 图4 土壤改良剂对葡萄酒酚类物质的影响

  • 3 讨论

  • 土壤酸化是一个连续变化的自然过程,其成土母岩在风化过程中产生的K+、Ca2+、Mg2+ 等逐渐淋失,引起土壤盐基饱和度降低,导致土壤的酸化[10]。长期以来不合理的农业措施如大量施用氮肥加剧了这一变化[17]。土壤酸化影响土壤的理化性质、植物的生长,导致果树的生理性病害,造成水果综合品质的降低[1024]。虽然石灰在酸化土壤改良中的作用明显,但大量或长期施用石灰会引起土壤Ca、K、Mg等元素的平衡失调[1425]。在成龄葡萄园中控制土壤酸化问题较困难,沟施易破坏葡萄根系,散施石灰对土壤的改良效果较慢[26]。因此本试验采用富含K、Ca、Mg3种元素的酸性土壤改良剂,且施用时采用旋耕机处理使其与土壤混匀。结果表明,土壤改良剂显著提高不同土层土壤pH、土壤电导率,增加交换性K、Ca和Mg的含量,说明其可以显著改良葡萄园酸性土壤。

  • 葡萄生长和果实成熟需要吸收适量的K、Ca、 Mg等元素。Mg是叶绿素的中心原子,其在叶绿体中含量的高低调控光合相关的酶活性[27]。葡萄属于喜K植物,K元素不仅影响葡萄生长,还与其抗病性密切相关。低K供应限制葡萄的生长,导致葡萄产量降低,过早落叶,延迟葡萄的成熟[20]。当土壤中交换性K含量较低时,施K有利于促进葡萄的生长,相反施K对葡萄生长的影响不大[28]。本研究中,土壤改良剂对葡萄生长指标没有显著影响,显著提高了葡萄果实含糖量,降低了果实总酸含量,提高了果汁pH,从而提高了果实的成熟度,这与许多研究者施用钾肥、钙镁肥等的研究结果相一致[29-31]。土壤改良剂可以增加葡萄对K、Mg元素的吸收,促进光合作用,促进糖类物质向果实转移[32-33]。研究发现,过量K供应通常会导致葡萄果实K含量过高,提高葡萄汁和葡萄酒中pH[34]。本研究中,土壤改良剂提高葡萄酒pH,可能与其高钾供应相关[35]。需要注意的是,过高的pH降低葡萄酒稳定性和色度,土壤改良过程中需要监测K+ 含量,避免土壤改良剂的过量施用。

  • 葡萄酒中酚类物质是决定葡萄酒外观、口感等的重要物质。Yokotsuka等[36] 认为,石灰、牡蛎壳粉增加土壤pH,提高土壤中元素的有效性,可能通过影响根系构型及其对养分的吸收,从而间接促进花色苷类物质的合成,但本研究中土壤改良剂对葡萄酒中花色苷含量无显著影响。土壤改良剂中高含量的K元素可能促进果实中酚类物质的合成,从而提高葡萄酒中酚类物质含量[32]。本研究中,土壤改良剂显著增加总酚、丹宁和黄酮含量。

  • 4 结论

  • 试验所在酿酒葡萄园土壤pH较低,土壤酸化问题严重。钾长石和白云石经高温煅烧制得的钾钙镁型酸性土壤改良剂可有效提高不同土层土壤pH、电导率及交换性K、Ca和Mg的含量,9000kg/hm2 酸性土壤改良剂处理对土壤的改良效果更显著。不同量的酸性土壤改良剂处理对葡萄生长指标无显著影响,但均显著提高酿酒葡萄总糖含量、降低总酸含量。过量施用酸性土壤改良剂可能导致葡萄酒pH过低,降低葡萄酒的色度。本试验中,9000kg/hm2 酸性土壤改良剂处理均显著提高葡萄果实成熟度和葡萄酒中总酚、单宁、黄酮的含量,有利于提高葡萄酒的品质。

  • 参考文献

    • [1] Marciniak M,Reynolds A,Brown R,et al.Applications of geospatial technologies to understand terroir effects in an Ontario Riesling vineyard[J].American Journal of Enology and Viticulture,2017,68(2):169-187.

    • [2] Correa J,Postma J A,Watt M,et al.Soil compaction and the architectural plasticity of root systems[J].Journal of Experimental Botany,2019,70(21):6019-6034.

    • [3] Jackson D,Lombard P.Environmental and management practices affecting grape composition and wine quality-a review [J].American Journal of Enology and Viticulture,1993,44(4):409-430.

    • [4] Tardaguila J,Baluja J,Arpon L,et al.Variations of soil properties affect the vegetative growth and yield components of “Tempranillo”grapevines[J].Precision Agriculture,2011,12(5):762-773.

    • [5] 李华.葡萄栽培学[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2008.

    • [6] Himelrick D G.Growth and nutritional responses of nine grape cultivars to low soil pH[J].HortScience,1991,26(3):269-271.

    • [7] Smith B R,Cheng L L.Iron assimilation and carbon metabolism in‘Concord’grapevines grown at different pHs[J].Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science,2007,132(4):473-483.

    • [8] Conradie W J.Liming and choice of rootstocks as cultural techniques for vines in acid soils[J].South African Journal for Enology and Viticulture,1983,4(2):39-44.

    • [9] Várnai M,Eifert J,Szöke L.Effect of liming on EUF-nutrient fractions in the soil,on nutrient contents of grape leaves and on grape yield[J].Plant and Soil,1985,83(1):55-63.

    • [10] 周娟,袁珍贵,郭莉莉,等.土壤酸化对作物生长发育的影响及改良措施[J].作物研究,2013,27(1):96-102.

    • [11] 陈义群,董元华.土壤改良剂的研究与应用进展[J].生态环境,2008,17(3):1282-1289.

    • [12] Quiroga M J,Olego M A,Sanchez-Garcia M,et al.Effects of liming on soil properties,leaf tissue cation composition and grape yield in a moderately acid vineyard soil.Influence on must and wine quality[J].Oeno One,2017,51(4):343-362.

    • [13] Bavaresco L,Giachino E,Pezzutto S.Grapevine rootstock effects on lime-induced chlorosis,nutrient uptake,and sourcesink relationships[J].Journal of Plant Nutrition,2003,26(7):1451-1465.

    • [14] 易杰祥,吕亮雪,刘国道.土壤酸化和酸性土壤改良研究 [J].华南热带农业大学学报,2006,12(1):23-28.

    • [15] 刘阳,张西兴,庞世花,等.利用白云石和钾长石制备钾钙肥的研究[J].磷肥与复肥,2015,30(11):9-12.

    • [16] 唐美玲,郑秋玲,张超杰,等.烟台地区葡萄园的土壤营养状况分析[J].北方园艺,2013(24):164-166.

    • [17] Guo J H,Liu X J,Zhang Y,et al.Significant acidification in major Chinese croplands[J].Science,2010,327(5968):1008-1010.

    • [18] 韩守良,刘惠军,王学芬,等.蓬莱酿酒葡萄园土壤肥力状况调查与分析[J].安徽农业科学,2012,40(8):4540-4541,4625.

    • [19] 鲁如坤.土壤农业化学分析方法[M].北京:中国农业科技出版社,2000.

    • [20] Schreiner R P,Lee J,Skinkis P A.N,P,and K supply to pinot noir grapevines:impact on vine nutrient status,growth,physiology,and yield[J].American Journal of Enology and Viticulture,2013,64(1):26-37.

    • [21] 马佩选,寇丽娟,王晓红.葡萄酒分析与检验[M].北京:中国轻工业出版社,2017.

    • [22] Lee J,Durst R W,Wrolstad R E.Determination of total monomeric anthocyanin pigment content of fruit juices,beverages,natural colorants,and wines by the pH differential method:collaborative study[J].Journal of AOAC International,2005,88(5):1269-1278.

    • [23] 刘迪迪,王珍,谢沙,等.‘西拉’葡萄转色期疏除果穗对果实酚类物质的影响[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2018,46(7):124-131.

    • [24] 李庆军,田利光,刘庆花,等.山东省果园土壤酸化状况及酸化原因分析[J].山东农业科学,2011(10):57-59.

    • [25] 胡敏,向永生,鲁剑巍.石灰用量对酸性土壤pH值及有效养分含量的影响[J]. 中国土壤与肥料,2017(4):72-77.

    • [26] Caires E,Garbuio F,Churka S,et al.Effects of soil acidity amelioration by surface liming on no-till corn,soybean,and wheat root growth and yield[J].European Journal of Agronomy,2008,28(1):57-64.

    • [27] Shaul O.Magnesium transport and function in plants:the tip of the iceberg[J].Biometals,2002,15(3):307-321.

    • [28] Poni S,Quartieri M,Tagliavini M.Potassium nutrition of Cabernet Sauvignon grapevines(Vitis vinifera L.)as affected by shoot trimming [J].Plant and Soil,2003,253(2):341-351.

    • [29] 施明,司海丽,朱英,等.钙镁硫肥对贺兰山东麓酿酒葡萄的影响[J].湖北农业科学,2013,52(20):4878-4881,4897.

    • [30] 张朝轩,杨天仪,骆军,等.微生物钾肥对土壤理化性状和葡萄光合作用及果实品质的影响[J].上海农业学报,2010,26(2):70-73.

    • [31] 黄艳,文露,庞亚卓,等.喷施钙肥对‘夏黑’葡萄果实糖酸积累的影响[J].中国土壤与肥料,2020(2):166-172

    • [32] Delgado R,Martín P,del Álamo M,et al.Changes in the phenolic composition of grape berries during ripening in relation to vineyard nitrogen and potassium fertilisation rates[J].Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture,2004,84(7):623-630.

    • [33] 马晓丽,刘雪峰,杨梅,等.镁肥对葡萄叶片糖、淀粉和蛋白质及果实品质的影响[J].中国土壤与肥料,2018(4):114-120.

    • [34] Mpelasoka B S,Schachtman D P,Treeby M T,et al.A review of potassium nutrition in grapevines with special emphasis on berry accumulation[J].Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research,2003,9(3):154-168.

    • [35] Walker R R,Blackmore D H.Potassium concentration and pH inter-relationships in grape juice and wine of Chardonnay and Shiraz from a range of rootstocks in different environments[J]. Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research,2012,18(2):183-193.

    • [36] Yokotsuka K,Nagao A,Nakazawa K,et al.Changes in anthocyanins in berry skins of Merlot and Cabernet Sauvignon grapes grown in two soils modified with limestone or oyster shell versus a native soil over two years[J].American Journal of Enology and Viticulture,1999,50(1):1-12.

  • 参考文献

    • [1] Marciniak M,Reynolds A,Brown R,et al.Applications of geospatial technologies to understand terroir effects in an Ontario Riesling vineyard[J].American Journal of Enology and Viticulture,2017,68(2):169-187.

    • [2] Correa J,Postma J A,Watt M,et al.Soil compaction and the architectural plasticity of root systems[J].Journal of Experimental Botany,2019,70(21):6019-6034.

    • [3] Jackson D,Lombard P.Environmental and management practices affecting grape composition and wine quality-a review [J].American Journal of Enology and Viticulture,1993,44(4):409-430.

    • [4] Tardaguila J,Baluja J,Arpon L,et al.Variations of soil properties affect the vegetative growth and yield components of “Tempranillo”grapevines[J].Precision Agriculture,2011,12(5):762-773.

    • [5] 李华.葡萄栽培学[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2008.

    • [6] Himelrick D G.Growth and nutritional responses of nine grape cultivars to low soil pH[J].HortScience,1991,26(3):269-271.

    • [7] Smith B R,Cheng L L.Iron assimilation and carbon metabolism in‘Concord’grapevines grown at different pHs[J].Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science,2007,132(4):473-483.

    • [8] Conradie W J.Liming and choice of rootstocks as cultural techniques for vines in acid soils[J].South African Journal for Enology and Viticulture,1983,4(2):39-44.

    • [9] Várnai M,Eifert J,Szöke L.Effect of liming on EUF-nutrient fractions in the soil,on nutrient contents of grape leaves and on grape yield[J].Plant and Soil,1985,83(1):55-63.

    • [10] 周娟,袁珍贵,郭莉莉,等.土壤酸化对作物生长发育的影响及改良措施[J].作物研究,2013,27(1):96-102.

    • [11] 陈义群,董元华.土壤改良剂的研究与应用进展[J].生态环境,2008,17(3):1282-1289.

    • [12] Quiroga M J,Olego M A,Sanchez-Garcia M,et al.Effects of liming on soil properties,leaf tissue cation composition and grape yield in a moderately acid vineyard soil.Influence on must and wine quality[J].Oeno One,2017,51(4):343-362.

    • [13] Bavaresco L,Giachino E,Pezzutto S.Grapevine rootstock effects on lime-induced chlorosis,nutrient uptake,and sourcesink relationships[J].Journal of Plant Nutrition,2003,26(7):1451-1465.

    • [14] 易杰祥,吕亮雪,刘国道.土壤酸化和酸性土壤改良研究 [J].华南热带农业大学学报,2006,12(1):23-28.

    • [15] 刘阳,张西兴,庞世花,等.利用白云石和钾长石制备钾钙肥的研究[J].磷肥与复肥,2015,30(11):9-12.

    • [16] 唐美玲,郑秋玲,张超杰,等.烟台地区葡萄园的土壤营养状况分析[J].北方园艺,2013(24):164-166.

    • [17] Guo J H,Liu X J,Zhang Y,et al.Significant acidification in major Chinese croplands[J].Science,2010,327(5968):1008-1010.

    • [18] 韩守良,刘惠军,王学芬,等.蓬莱酿酒葡萄园土壤肥力状况调查与分析[J].安徽农业科学,2012,40(8):4540-4541,4625.

    • [19] 鲁如坤.土壤农业化学分析方法[M].北京:中国农业科技出版社,2000.

    • [20] Schreiner R P,Lee J,Skinkis P A.N,P,and K supply to pinot noir grapevines:impact on vine nutrient status,growth,physiology,and yield[J].American Journal of Enology and Viticulture,2013,64(1):26-37.

    • [21] 马佩选,寇丽娟,王晓红.葡萄酒分析与检验[M].北京:中国轻工业出版社,2017.

    • [22] Lee J,Durst R W,Wrolstad R E.Determination of total monomeric anthocyanin pigment content of fruit juices,beverages,natural colorants,and wines by the pH differential method:collaborative study[J].Journal of AOAC International,2005,88(5):1269-1278.

    • [23] 刘迪迪,王珍,谢沙,等.‘西拉’葡萄转色期疏除果穗对果实酚类物质的影响[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2018,46(7):124-131.

    • [24] 李庆军,田利光,刘庆花,等.山东省果园土壤酸化状况及酸化原因分析[J].山东农业科学,2011(10):57-59.

    • [25] 胡敏,向永生,鲁剑巍.石灰用量对酸性土壤pH值及有效养分含量的影响[J]. 中国土壤与肥料,2017(4):72-77.

    • [26] Caires E,Garbuio F,Churka S,et al.Effects of soil acidity amelioration by surface liming on no-till corn,soybean,and wheat root growth and yield[J].European Journal of Agronomy,2008,28(1):57-64.

    • [27] Shaul O.Magnesium transport and function in plants:the tip of the iceberg[J].Biometals,2002,15(3):307-321.

    • [28] Poni S,Quartieri M,Tagliavini M.Potassium nutrition of Cabernet Sauvignon grapevines(Vitis vinifera L.)as affected by shoot trimming [J].Plant and Soil,2003,253(2):341-351.

    • [29] 施明,司海丽,朱英,等.钙镁硫肥对贺兰山东麓酿酒葡萄的影响[J].湖北农业科学,2013,52(20):4878-4881,4897.

    • [30] 张朝轩,杨天仪,骆军,等.微生物钾肥对土壤理化性状和葡萄光合作用及果实品质的影响[J].上海农业学报,2010,26(2):70-73.

    • [31] 黄艳,文露,庞亚卓,等.喷施钙肥对‘夏黑’葡萄果实糖酸积累的影响[J].中国土壤与肥料,2020(2):166-172

    • [32] Delgado R,Martín P,del Álamo M,et al.Changes in the phenolic composition of grape berries during ripening in relation to vineyard nitrogen and potassium fertilisation rates[J].Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture,2004,84(7):623-630.

    • [33] 马晓丽,刘雪峰,杨梅,等.镁肥对葡萄叶片糖、淀粉和蛋白质及果实品质的影响[J].中国土壤与肥料,2018(4):114-120.

    • [34] Mpelasoka B S,Schachtman D P,Treeby M T,et al.A review of potassium nutrition in grapevines with special emphasis on berry accumulation[J].Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research,2003,9(3):154-168.

    • [35] Walker R R,Blackmore D H.Potassium concentration and pH inter-relationships in grape juice and wine of Chardonnay and Shiraz from a range of rootstocks in different environments[J]. Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research,2012,18(2):183-193.

    • [36] Yokotsuka K,Nagao A,Nakazawa K,et al.Changes in anthocyanins in berry skins of Merlot and Cabernet Sauvignon grapes grown in two soils modified with limestone or oyster shell versus a native soil over two years[J].American Journal of Enology and Viticulture,1999,50(1):1-12.

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