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作者简介:

肖雅寅(1998-),硕士研究生在读,主要研究方向为资源利用与植物保护。E-mail:1754873953@qq.com。

通讯作者:

王鑫鑫,E-mail:sywxx@hebau.edu.cn。

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目录contents

    摘要

    土壤盐碱化是全球影响较大的一种土壤退化形式,对农业生产有着耕作困难、作物减产的影响,而有机物料作为一种可循环利用且副作用较小的资源,是应用于改良盐碱地的较为有效的修复方法。汇总了不同的有机物料(粪肥、植物残体、社会生活副产品和加工产品等)对于盐碱地的改良效果,包括土壤的物理性质(土壤容重、渗透性、孔隙等)、化学性质(土壤养分、pH 值、阳离子交换量等)和生物性质(微生物活性、酶活性、微生物丰度等)方面的具体响应。为了进一步改善盐碱地的状况,防止土壤退化,综述了不同有机物料对盐碱地的具体改良效果并总结了物料的使用方法,以期为后续盐碱地改良的研究提供一定理论依据。

    Abstract

    Soil salinization is a kind of soil degradation with global impact,which has a greatly negative impact on agricultural production,such as tillage difficulty and crop yield reduction.Organic materials,as a kind of recyclable resource with less side effects,are a relatively effective remediation method applied to improve saline soils.This review summarized that how different organic materials(manure,plant residues,social by-products and processed products,etc.) influence the improvement effect of saline soils,including specific responses in terms physical properties(soil bulk density, permeability,porosity,etc.),chemical properties(soil nutrients,pH value,cation exchange capacity,etc.)and biological properties(microbial activity,enzyme activity,biological abundance,etc.).In order to further improve saline soils and prevent soil degradation,this paper reviewed the specific improvement effects of different organic materials on saline soils and summarises the use of some materials,with a view to providing some theoretical basis for subsequent research on saline soils improvement.

    关键词

    有机物土壤改良盐碱地生物炭

  • 土壤盐碱化是世界范围内的一个严重问题[1]。干旱和半干旱地区土壤盐碱化问题尤为严重,主要是因为这些地区大部分情况下的自然蒸散量超过降水量,以及为满足作物水需求进行的人工灌溉造成了二次盐碱化[2]。盐毒性对土壤结构和性能产生负面影响,包括土壤结构变差、水渗透性降低和 pH 值升高等[3-4]。土壤中过量的盐会对土壤酶活性、微生物活性和理化性质产生不利影响[5],造成农业生产力降低。为了农业可持续发展,目前土壤改良问题越来越受重视,施用改良剂和安排合理栽培管理措施等物理、化学、生物技术越来越多地被研究应用[46-10]

  • 有机改良物料是可循环利用的资源,合理利用有机改良物料是一种高效缓解土壤退化的管理措施,且生态效益良好,因此,相关技术已被广泛使用。如黄土[11]、紫土[12]和黑土[13]等施入有机物料改良的研究已经较为广泛。然而,盐碱地中的不合理施肥使土壤有机碳(SOC)大量流失,土壤生态系统的不平衡发展减少了农业产值[14]。因此,针对盐碱地开展有机物料改良效果及其响应机制的研究十分必要。

  • 当前,大量研究着眼于不同有机改良物料的施用,包括田间试验和室内试验,这些研究涉及有机物料对盐碱地物理、化学和生物性质的影响。前人综述了不同改良剂对盐碱地[15]或有机改良物料对不同土壤[16]影响的研究进展,但并没有整合不同有机物料对盐碱地改良的效果,因此,在不同情况下如何施用有机物料对盐碱地进行复垦是一个重要的科学问题。本文对盐碱地施用不同有机改良物料后产生的响应进行汇总,并对该领域未来的研究进行了展望,以期为盐碱地有机改良物料施用的相关研究提供理论参考。

  • 1 粪肥类

  • 1.1 鸡粪肥

  • 制成肥料是处理畜禽类养殖产生的粪污的方式之一,其不仅能对资源进行有效地回收再利用,而且粪肥的效用也不容忽视。鸡作为大量养殖的家禽之一,鸡粪肥的合理使用值得研究。侯晓静等[17] 研究了不同物料对滨海盐渍区 SOC、盐分、pH 值、土壤密度、养分及作物产量的影响。其中以鸡粪作为改良物料的试验结果显示,施用后盐碱地表层土壤(0~10 cm)SOC 含量较对照增加了 41.0%,盐分降低了 17.4%,降低了土壤密度,显著提高了土壤有效磷(AP)、速效钾(AK)含量,作物产量更是与对照相比提高了 131.0%。但对于深层土壤 (≥ 30 cm),其盐分及 pH 值没有产生明显变化,对土壤容重的改善也不明显。代保清等[18]采用盆栽方法,研究结果显示鸡粪肥经过发酵后,可增加土壤中各速效养分,如铵态氮(NH4 +-N)、硝态氮(NO3--N)、AP 和 AK 的含量。王涵[19]也从不同改良物料对滨海盐碱地的改良效果中发现,发酵鸡粪肥的施用降低了土壤 pH 值、土壤盐分和 Na+ 的含量,增加了土壤中碱解氮(AN)、AP 和 AK 的含量。

  • 鸡粪含水量高,有机成分不能直接被吸收利用,对土壤改良效果有限,所以大部分鸡粪肥要经过完全发酵才能投入使用。虽然鸡粪发酵过程中会释放水溶性 SOC 和氮素,加快土壤微生物的繁殖[20],但发酵过程可能造成烧苗和土壤缺氧,同时未完全发酵的鸡粪中含有大量病原菌,会造成作物病虫害的发生。此外,鸡粪本身重金属含量较高,堆肥还可能改变重金属形态和增加重金属浓度,在施用后的迁移与积累会导致土壤二次污染,影响作物品质[21]

  • 总体来说,鸡粪因其成本低廉和资源可持续性在土壤改良中被大量使用,在改善盐碱地土壤特别是提高土壤养分方面作用较大,但其结构相对不稳定,有效成分比例偏低且易挥发,改善土壤的效果并不持久。另外,肥效缓慢和重金属含量较高等鸡粪实际应用中的难题还有待进一步研究和解决。

  • 1.2 牛粪肥

  • 利用牛粪肥对钙质盐渍土壤进行复垦的研究表明,牛粪能降低土壤的钠离子吸附比(SAR)并提高土壤结构的稳定性[22]。黄顾林等[23]和左文刚等[24]发现,牛粪肥可显著促进团聚体的形成,降低滩涂盐碱地的土壤容重,增加土壤孔隙度。马征等[25]发现牛粪能显著影响 >5 mm 和 2~5 mm 粒径级团聚体的形成,显著提高土壤团聚体稳定性,并且促使 SOC 向大团聚体富集,进一步促进土壤水稳性大团聚体的形成,增加 SOC 含量。也有研究表明,牛粪能提高土壤渗水系数和土壤孔隙,降低土壤容重和 pH 值,缓解土壤盐碱化[26]。 Reddy 等[27-28]利用活性牛粪(ADM)和固化牛粪堆肥(CDM)对盐碱地进行有机改良处理,土壤盐度和微生物活性较改良前有所改善,其中 ADM 处理结果更为显著。而且,添加有机质可以给微生物活动提供能量,通过促进土壤团聚体的形成来改善土壤结构[29]。唐晓倩[30]研究了牛粪对滨海盐土微生物结构群落的影响,发现施用牛粪后土壤微生物活性提高,包括细菌、真菌和放线菌等的微生物丰度也显著提高,且与土壤中 AP、AN 和 SOC 等化学性质变化呈极显著正相关,其中具体的相互关系对生产应用的影响还有待进一步研究。同样,马龙等[31]发现,施用牛粪后不仅土壤生物量碳、氮含量显著增加,表明牛粪能提高土壤微生物丰度和活性,而且土壤中与碳、氮、磷代谢相关的酶活性也显著提高。

  • 牛粪比鸡粪含水量更高且质地细密,这导致它分解较慢,分解时发热量低,作为改良剂效果更好。总体来说,牛粪是较为常见的一种有机物料,营养成分全面且成本较低,效用较鸡粪更持久,但其也有粪肥普遍存在的问题,比如养分含量较低、容易造成重金属二次污染等。

  • 1.3 其他粪肥

  • 除上述两种常用的畜禽粪肥外,还有比如和牛粪较为相似的绵羊粪肥就有助于增加土壤溶液和交换场所中 Ca2+ 和 Mg2+ 的浓度[32]。此外,还有不常见的如蚯蚓粪肥等一些非养殖类动物的粪肥也常被用于土壤改良。蚯蚓粪肥颗粒均匀,有机质含量较高,保水透气性好,经过处理后容易被吸收利用。它可以改善土壤物理性质,降低土壤盐度和碱度[33],从而影响土壤-植物系统,如增强植物耐盐性从而提高作物产量[34]。Ding 等[35]利用蚯蚓粪肥改良种植小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)的盐碱地土壤,试验结果证明,蚯蚓粪肥在盐碱地土壤改良中的应用超过了化学改良物料,有助于小麦生长和产量提高。Méndez 等[36]使用蚯蚓和蚯蚓粪堆肥作为有机改良物料,结果显示,施用后的土壤胶体悬浮液比初始盐碱地土壤更稳定,可溶性离子浓度 (EC 值)更低,并且土壤 pH 值和盐度都有所降低,有助于提高土壤渗透性和通气性,改善土壤结构。部分研究比较了牛粪和蚯蚓粪改良盐碱地的效果,结果表明,它们都提高了土壤的养分含量和土壤生物的丰度,进而通过改善养分循环来间接促进植物生长;与蚯蚓粪肥处理相比,经过牛粪肥处理的土壤微生物量、线虫和螨的丰度较高[37-38]

  • 当前的农业生产中,粪肥类有机改良物料因其可以合理利用其他产业废料、肥效较长且较为全面、总体性价比较高等优点被大量使用,但施用过多也会造成土壤表面结痂,土壤导水性变差。如何降低粪肥中重金属、盐、病菌等不利因素对农业造成的不良影响,如土壤二次污染、二次盐碱化和植物病虫害等,也是该有机改良物料在生产应用中亟待解决的问题。

  • 2 植物残体堆肥类

  • 2.1 草本植物

  • 大量研究都利用了处理后的水稻(Oryza sativa L.)秸秆作为改良物料[39-42],如李凤梅等[43]研究发现,其可以有效改善退化翅碱蓬湿地滩涂土壤条件,降低土壤盐度、容重及小团聚体百分含量,提高土壤孔隙度、>0.25 mm 粒径级团聚体及 SOC、AN、AP 和 AK 的含量。Meena 等[44]的试验则表明,水稻秸秆堆肥可显著提高微生物活性和酶活性,如施用后脲酶活性与未施肥对照相比提高了 53%,脱氢酶活性比对照提高了 113%。Xie 等[45]、 Wang 等[46]则利用处理后的小麦秸秆作为改良物料,也得出相似结论,施用后结果显示盐碱地土壤的盐度和 pH 值降低,土壤结构得到改善。玉米 (Zea mays L.) 秸秆[47]、棉花(Gossypium spp.) 秸秆[48]等其他秸秆类堆肥施用的相关试验进一步验证了这一观点。黄哲等[49]对比了不同秸秆类型施用后的效果,发现玉米秸秆主要增加土壤全磷 (TP)和 AP 含量,芦苇(Phragmites australis)秸秆则显著提高了土壤 AK 水平,这表明不同秸秆对盐碱地改良的效果也有不同侧重。因此,如何在生产实际中对不同类型秸秆进行更高效地利用还有待进一步研究。

  • 其他草本植物残体堆肥也是常见的有机改良物料。Datta 等[50]的试验证明,牵牛花[Pharbitis nil (L.)Choisy]堆肥能有效改善土壤电导率(EC)、 AN 等土壤理化性质,减少 CH4 的排放并增加水稻产量。El 等[51]用甘蔗(Saccharum officinarum L.) 渣堆肥研究发现,土壤中 EC 降低,盐分减少,pH 值和阳离子交换量(CEC)得到了改善。Chen 等[52] 在黄河三角洲盐碱地上施用大豆[Glycine max(L.) Merr.] 堆肥后,发现土壤团聚体平均直径增加,水稳性团聚体比例提高,土壤 AP、TP、钙磷 (Ca2-P 和 Ca8-P)含量都显著增加。Wu 等[53] 采用大豆凋落物和水稻秸秆开展试验,发现与对照相比,两种有机改良均显著提高了 0~30 cm 土层的 SOC 储量,促进了土壤团聚体的形成,但施加秸秆有机改良物料后的土壤团聚稳定性明显高于大豆有机改良物料,这可能与其结构相关。Wong 等[54]使用了袋鼠草(Salvia japonica Thunb)堆肥后,盐渍土土壤微生物量和土壤呼吸速率都得到了提升,其中微生物生物量在 0~5 cm 的土层中增量最为明显。

  • 总体来说,草本植物堆肥类的有机改良物料营养成分和结构丰富,可有效改善盐碱地的理化特性,增强供肥保肥能力,但残体废弃物中可能存在未完全处理留下的虫卵、病菌等有害成分,会造成种植作物间病虫害的传播,也对盐碱地造成二次污染。

  • 2.2 木本植物

  • 目前常用的林木枝干类有机改良物料多由园林废弃物制成,一是考虑成本,二是其为可循环利用的资源,绿色可持续。其性质与草本植物类物料大致相同,但来源更为复杂,更容易混入污染物,因而施用前的处理更为重要。有研究表明,施用园林废弃物可以一定程度上降低土壤密度,显著提高土壤饱和导水率[55],增强土壤通气透水性;使土壤 pH 值先略有升高,再逐渐降低;有效提高土壤含水量[56];显著提高土壤中的 CEC;增加土壤养分,使土壤中 SOC、全氮(TN)、AP 和 AK 的含量增加;显著增强土壤脲酶、碱性磷酸酶、蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶和脱氢酶活性。这与改良后的土壤孔隙度增加,有利于微生物生长有关[57]。使用园林废弃物处理后的土壤改良物料,对资源进行二次利用,可减轻环境污染,而且其本身可以有效改善土壤结构和营养成分,是一种很好的盐碱地复垦有机改良物料。但林木枝干本身要经过加工腐熟后才能投入生产使用,且单独的木本植物残体制成有机改良物料效果并不好,必须要和其他种类物料混合使用,比如粪肥、秸秆、石膏等。

  • 2.3 坚果壳渣

  • Sanchez 等[58]利用杏仁(Amygdalus Communis Vas)壳生物废弃物探究其对 3 种不同盐渍土壤理化性质的影响,研究得出土壤水分、有机质和 SOC 含量增加,CEC 降低,表明该有机改良物料能正向影响土壤质量。Yazdanpanaha 等[59]采用开心果 (Pistacia vera L.)渣处理发现,开心果渣对土壤中磷和钾的有效性有正向影响,但对氮浓度的影响不显著。Fall 等[60]研究了花生(Arachis hypogaea L.)壳对盐渍土化学特性的影响,结果表明,施用花生壳能改善土壤的化学性质(碳、氮、磷含量、pH 值、CEC 和总微生物活性)并降低土壤盐分。总之,常见的坚果壳制成的有机改良物料,都能通过改善土壤物理、化学和生物特性有效地改善土壤条件,避免进一步加重土壤盐碱化。

  • 总体来说,坚果壳渣是一种绿色环保、营养丰富的有机改良物料,但由于部分坚果壳过于坚硬,处理时可能未完全腐熟,造成施用时继续发酵,影响土壤改良效果。

  • 2.4 混合堆肥

  • 生产实践中,很少单独施用某一种植物堆肥作为有机改良物料,原料不同造成理化性质不同,用于土壤改良时对土壤性质产生的影响也大不相同[61]。比如冀拯宇等[62]就是通过使用草炭、秸秆和花生壳等制备混合有机改良物料来改良盐碱地土壤,发现复合堆肥降低了土壤含盐量、钠吸附比和 pH 值,提升了 SOC 及其组分含量和土壤碳库管理指数,对盐碱地土壤质量的提升效果显著。同样,李娜等[63]用林木枝条、秸秆等制成混合物料堆肥,施用后明显降低了盐碱地的盐度和 pH 值。还有 Lu 等[41]施用含腐烂秸秆的混合有机物料后发现不仅土壤 pH 值降低,AN、AP 和 AK 含量增加,而且如厚壁菌等的土壤微生物活性和丰度也显著提高。有大量研究都证明了混合植物堆肥对盐碱地生物性质方面的改善作用[64-66]。例如,Liu 等[64]发现,含玉米废料堆肥的混合有机物料除了能增加土壤微生物生物量碳和氮外,还能提高土壤脱氢酶和磷酸酶的活性;Li 等[66]更是详细研究了混合园林废弃物堆肥对盐碱地土壤微生物活性和酶活性的影响,发现该物料能显著增加微生物丰度和 α 多样性,并且对脲酶、蔗糖酶和脱氢酶等土壤酶的活性有较明显的提高作用。此外,植物残体堆肥类物料还能与其他有机改良物料或无机改良物料(常用石膏等)混合施用,因其功能互补,在生产中更为常见[4867-70]

  • 综上所述,植物残体堆肥类有机改良物料属于废物再利用资源,具有病原菌较少、有益微生物含量较多、施用安全等优点,但高温堆肥会使其有机质含量降低,损失一定的肥效。因此,对于盐碱地复垦,植物残体堆肥是一种应用广泛的有机改良物料,但关于它的高效和合理利用方法还有待进一步研究。

  • 3 社会生活副产品类

  • 3.1 绿色垃圾

  • 生活副产品是日常生活生产主要产品附带的废料,但能进一步加工制成的有机改良物料中原料为绿色垃圾的最为常见。Chaganti 等[71]用绿色垃圾改良盐碱化土壤,表明绿色垃圾能显著提高土壤团聚体的稳定性和饱和导水率,降低土壤 pH 值,是盐碱地改良的有效改良物料之一。而绿色垃圾作为有机改良物料可简单分为活性绿色垃圾堆肥和固化绿色垃圾堆肥,Reddy 等[27]对比了两者施用后盐碱地中气体(主要是 N2、CO2 和 N2O)排放量的大小来表明改良剂对土壤结构和微生物活性的影响,结果显示,施用活性绿色垃圾堆肥后,N2 排放量的增加和减少程度高于固化绿色垃圾堆肥,表明了活性绿色垃圾堆肥对盐碱地的微生物改良效果更好。但生产中很难区分活性绿色垃圾中的有益微生物和病原菌,可能造成植物病虫害,影响该改良物料的应用,同时绿色垃圾可能掺杂了一些工业垃圾,导致制成的改良物料重金属含量超标。

  • 绿色垃圾来源复杂,虽然主要是动植物材料和食物残渣,但掺杂有污水污泥不可避免,所以如何保证使用其作为土壤改良剂时重金属含量在标准以内,就是该物料广泛推广前需解决的问题。

  • 3.2 菌糠

  • 菌糠是指以农业废弃物(主要是秸秆、木屑、麸皮等)作为主要原料栽培食用菌后的废弃培养基,含有丰富的营养元素。Hanafi 等[72]认为,菌糠含有大量木质素和纤维素,且 pH 值呈弱酸性,能显著改良土壤物理和化学性质。马列等[73]详细研究了施用菌糠复合改良物料后盐碱地土壤理化性质的变化,结果表明,菌糠能降低土壤容重和 pH 值,增加土壤有机质、AN、AP 和 AK 含量,土壤交换性钠与对照相比更是下降了 63.78%,改良效果显著。王春霞等[74]试验结果也同样证明了这一点,研究发现,菌糠不仅使盐碱地土壤理化性质得到显著改善,CEC 含量增加,土壤保肥能力提高,还能增加土壤微生物数量,提高土壤中脲酶及转化酶的活性。王玥等[75]在盐碱地施用木耳[Auricularia auricula(L.ex Hook.)Underw] 菌糠种植大蒜(Allium sativum L.)发现,菌糠显著改善土壤孔隙度,提升土壤养分含量,从而提高作物产量。

  • 随着食用菌产业的发展,菌糠作为盐碱地有机改良物料既能合理利用资源,又能有效改善环境,具有良好发展前景。菌糠含有大量作物所需营养,也能有效改善土壤微生物条件,但在应用中如何避免有害菌感染,以及如何适量施用,都有待进一步研究。

  • 4 加工产品类

  • 4.1 生物炭

  • 4.1.1 生物炭的提出和使用

  • 被称为热改性有机材料的生物炭越来越被研究者们关注,被用作土壤改良物料的研究也得到了重视和发展。生物炭结构稳定,疏松多孔,有潜力作为土壤肥料[76]、重金属钝化物[77]和绿色吸附物料[78]。从农业残留物等有机物中提取的生物炭作为改善土壤质量和固定土壤碳素的一种土壤改良物料大有可为[79]。卞荣军等[80]详细分析了生物炭可溶性有机物的成分并研究各成分对于土壤及作物的具体影响,以期能最大效率地在生产中应用,生物炭在盐碱地的改良中也同样适用。张继宁等[77] 分析了生物炭改良海滨滩涂土壤的效应和潜力,认为生物炭对盐碱地土壤的改良效应主要涉及调控养分循环和固定土壤碳素。Usman 等[81]定量分析了盐碱地作物对生物炭施用的反应,发现高施用量添加生物炭时,土壤有机质含量和养分有效性明显提高,这表明生物炭可以作为土壤改良物料有效提高盐渍化土壤的生产力。She 等[82]为验证通过生物炭提高盐渍土壤生产力的假说进行了温室试验,同样得出了生物炭改良在改善盐胁迫、提高作物产量方面具有很大潜力的结论。

  • Tang 等[83] 将生物炭应用于沿海盐碱地土壤,结果表明,生物炭降低了土壤容重和交换性钠胁迫,提高了土壤持水能力、CEC 和有机质含量。Singh 等[84]发现,生物炭对盐渍土壤改善 pH、 EC、养分代谢有效性、容重、入渗率和微生物生物量碳均有显著的促进作用。He 等[85]以滨海盐碱地为研究对象,采用温室盆栽试验方法,研究生物炭改良物料对生物质能源作物芒草(Miscanthus)生长的影响,也得出了和以上相似的结论。并且发现,施用生物炭可以激活抗氧化酶、超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶,大大减轻了土壤盐害。Mao 等[86]则是详细研究了土壤微生物的丰度,发现经过生物炭处理的土壤细菌网络比对照更复杂,表现为节点和链接更多,平均聚类系数、密度和模块化更高,表明生物炭改良物料能显著提高土壤微生物丰度。

  • 结合使用实际来看,生物炭低成本无污染,不易挥发,施用后效果持久,不仅增加土壤碳含量,而且改善土壤理化性质和提高微生物活性,是一种良好的有机土壤改良剂。不过,由于生物炭本身的肥效不足,生产中要结合相应的肥料进行优化施用,这是目前的研究热点和难点。

  • 4.1.2 不同生物炭的区别

  • 木炭作为木材类生物炭中最常见和最广为人知的类型,从很久前就开始被人类利用,但直到最近,农业生产上才逐渐把它作为有机改良物料使用[87]。而所有生物材料都可以转化为生物炭,有试验证明,秸秆类生物炭可以通过改变土壤理化性质、团聚体稳定性、有机酸含量、酶活性和微生物群落结构来提高盐碱地磷的生物利用率[88];畜禽粪便类生物炭可以改善土壤养分结构和地表径流[89];绿色废弃物制成的气化生物炭,不仅能够改善环境污染,而且对土壤结构和营养都有正向影响[90]。大部分生物炭具有碱性特征[82],但 Zhou 等[91]研究了酸性玉米秸秆生物炭对盐碱地性质和高粱产量的影响,试验结果显示,土壤 pH 和盐度均有所下降,土壤水分、养分元素、CEC、SOC、可溶性阳离子(K+、Ca2+、Mg2+)含量均呈上升趋势,唯独 Na+ 含量呈下降趋势,播种期和收获期交换性钠百分比(ESP)分别降低了 37.08% 和 37.04%,与其他研究结果一致。除了不同种类的生物炭,Gu 等[92]还研究了不同大小的生物炭对盐碱地理化性质和植物根际细菌组的影响,结果表明,粒径小(0.25~2 mm)的生物炭显著降低了土壤容重和 EC,提高了土壤持水能力和养分含量,促进了变形菌、放线菌和氯柔性菌等盐碱地根际细菌的生长,对其理化性质和群落多样性有着积极影响,其中粒径 0.25 mm 生物炭的影响最为显著。目前,利用生物炭改良盐碱地试验大多是盆栽试验,大田试验的适用性和效果还有待进一步研究,同时生物炭的碱性特征是否会导致土壤次生盐碱化的问题也有待实践证明。

  • 总体来说,目前除生物炭外大部分副产品类有机改良物料对于盐碱地影响的研究还在初期,但关于生物炭作为有机改良物料的相关研究处在一个蓬勃发展阶段。生物炭已被证明对于盐碱地改良普遍具有正向影响,但不同原料和制备方法制作的生物炭的具体效果还有待深入研究,且具体影响因子的分离工作较为困难,进而阻碍了研究进程。未来研究者们应加强关于生物炭不同成分对盐碱地具体影响的研究,相关联系和作用机制的研究对于指导生物炭的生产应用具有很大帮助。

  • 4.2 腐植酸肥料

  • 腐植酸是一种有机高分子活性物质,其比表面积较大,因而有较好的吸附性和胶体分散性。已有研究表明,腐植酸除可以作为一种有机肥料增加土壤肥力外,还能作为土壤改良剂[93]。Huang[93]发现,腐植酸可以降低盐碱土的盐度,提高土壤持水能力,抑制盐分积累,防止土壤进一步盐碱化,表明腐植酸对盐碱地有一定的改良效果。同时,他的研究也提出,过量施用腐植酸反而降低了盐碱土的土壤含水量和盐吸附,适量施用才能达到最大效益,这也表明为了得出相对较好的腐植酸施用方法,其对盐碱地的具体改良效果值得研究。Liu 等[94]发现,腐植酸能改善盐碱地土壤团聚体稳定性和大团聚体微观结构等物理性质。Hu 等[95]则发现腐植酸的施用除改善土壤 EC 值等物理性质外,还对土壤水溶性 Na+、K+ 含量和钠吸附比有一定的还原作用,并且提高了 AP 含量,表明其对盐碱地化学性质的改善作用。有研究较全面地表明了腐植酸在降低盐碱地的土壤 pH 值、EC 值和 Na+ 浓度方面具有显著作用,再次证明了腐植酸对盐碱地物理化学性质的改良效果[96]。而 Liu 等[94]还发现,腐植酸能提高微生物相对丰度和活性,改善盐碱地的生物性质。Manasa 等[96]的研究也证明了这一点,他们发现腐植酸能提高土壤中的微生物生物量和土壤酶活性,进一步完善了腐植酸对盐碱地生物性质方面的改良效果。

  • 然而,实际生产中大部分腐植酸肥料并不会单独施用,往往会和其他改良物料混合施用甚至不同腐植酸混合施用[9597]。因为腐植酸肥料是以泥炭等为主要原料,并掺入一定量无机肥料处理后制成的,其本身肥效和土壤改良效果根据原材料变化都不全面,并且是一种缓效有机物料,所以和其他有机物料混合后施用效果更好。

  • 4.3 微生物菌肥

  • 微生物菌肥作为一种新型肥料被广泛使用,因为它富含多种活性微生物,可以通过微生物的活性改善土壤性质和营养成分,同样在盐碱地的改良中也有很大发展前景[98]。孟庆英等[99]发现微生物菌肥可以降低盐碱地土壤容重和 pH 值,增加土壤水稳性大团聚体数量,改善土壤结构,增加土壤有机质含量,改善营养成分,还可以提高土壤中子囊菌门和担子菌门等微生物丰度。而刘月等[100]则发现微生物菌肥显著提高了土壤含水率、SOC、AN 和 AP 的含量,改善盐碱地理化性质,同样也提高了微生物如变形菌门、拟杆菌门和放线菌门的丰度。因为微生物菌肥中不同微生物的存在使得该有机物料对于盐碱地的生物性质改善效果尤其显著,而大部分研究也着眼于分离具体的功能菌株。但 Bai 等[101]研究了不同肥料载体的改良效果,结果表明,以活性炭为载体的微生物菌肥相对效果最好,比如土壤渗透性和有利于作物生长的微生物丰度改善最为显著。Bamdad 等[102]对比了生物炭、珍珠岩、泥炭、粉煤灰和堆肥等有机或无机载体的使用效果,同样得出了生物炭更为优越的结论。而 Safdar 等[103]却发现对比堆肥、生物炭和木炭等材料,泥炭作为微生物菌肥的载体相对效果最好,它不仅可以提高作物产量和品质,还可以提高微生物数量,改善土壤质量。同样,Perveen 等[104]也发现泥炭作为微生物菌肥载体相对优越,因为使用后作物的养分含量、生长属性和产量增幅最大。

  • 综上所述,微生物菌肥对于改善盐碱地的生物性质效果较好,且取决于其功能菌株的作用,而微生物载体对于其效果也有很大影响,尤其可以对理化性质方面的改良进行补充,但目前的研究较少,有较大的发展前景。

  • 5 总结与展望

  • 盐碱地对施用不同有机物料产生的响应主要体现在:(1)各类有机物料均能显著改善盐碱化土壤的物理性质(如土壤容重、渗透性、孔隙等)、化学性质(土壤养分、pH 值、CEC 等)和生物性质 (微生物活性、酶活性、生物丰度等);(2)粪肥类有机物料施用后对不同深度土壤产生的影响差别较大,特别是土壤生物性质会对不同粪肥的施用产生不同的响应,因而粪肥类有机改良物料的施用要针对不同作物考虑其特质和施用深度;该物料在土壤改良中更大方面作为肥料起作用,改善不良状况的作用并不十分突出;(3)植物残体堆肥类有机改良物料因其使用的原材料不同具有较强的针对性,这就表明其作用并不全面,因而这类有机物料应多与其他物料混合施用;(4)社会生活副产品类有机物料对盐碱地的影响较为平均,改良效果较好但肥效不足、功能单一,难以全面改善土壤,而且因为是副产品,使得其生产过程中会有很多不足而造成产品功效不尽如人意;但是考虑到其成本低廉,容易获得且种类繁多,可以与其他物料结合施用,综合来看有很大发展前景;(5)加工产品类因为对盐碱地的改良效果因其原材料的不同而变化,所以可以有目的的人工生产;另外,物料大部分情况下要和其他种类物料混合施用以求改良效果的互补,综合产品的普适性和尽可能提高综合效益,在生产该类物料前值得仔细考虑。

  • 利用有机物料进行盐碱地改良的研究仍存在很多问题:一是目前虽有部分研究着眼于不同有机改良物料的混用,但大部分还是研究单一有机改良物料对盐碱地产生的影响,如何针对盐碱地施用最有效的混合有机改良物料还需进一步探究;比如粪肥类物料肥力较高但不持久,生物炭稳定不易挥发但主要作用是改善土壤结构,这两者的混合施用可能具有较大的发展前景。二是大部分研究盐碱地产生的响应都还在表层现象且比较分散,对于深层原因还有待研究;比如产生不同影响的机制及施用不同有机改良物料对于各元素循环模式(如氮循环、碳循环)的影响,以及堆肥类物料施用后随着有效成分的分解,如何避免其原材料中的金属成分造成重金属污染,都是生产应用前要研究的课题。三是对于不同有机改良物料尤其是同类有机改良物料,因原材料不同而对盐碱地某些因素产生不同影响的原因值得深入研究,这对农业生产发展可能具有深远意义;比如不同的原材料和生产方式生产的生物炭施用后造成的差异就是一大研究热点。四是出于生产实践的需要,考虑到成本、使用效果等方面,多种物料混用更符合发展实际,如何平衡有机改良物料和其他改良物料的选择与施用,并将施用效果最优化是需要解决的问题。

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