en
×

分享给微信好友或者朋友圈

使用微信“扫一扫”功能。
作者简介:

吕慧丹(1999-),在读硕士研究生,主要从事养分资源管理研究。E-mail: lvhuidan1226@163.com。

通讯作者:

赵士诚,E-mail: zhaoshicheng@caas.cn。

参考文献 1
Kaneko F H,Ferreira J P,Leal A J F,et al.Ammonia volatilization in response to coated and conventional urea in maize crop field[J].Bioscience Journal,2019,35:713-722.
参考文献 2
Zheng W,Liu Z,Zhang M,et al.Improving crop yields,N use efficiencies,and profits by using mixtures of coated controlledreleased and uncoated urea in a wheat-maize system[J].Field Crops Research,2017,205:106-115.
参考文献 3
Bhaskar K A,Al-Hashimi A,Meena M,et al.Conservation agricultural practices for minimizing ammonia volatilization and maximizing wheat productivity[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2022,29(7):9792-9804.
参考文献 4
王小军,张智,王春丽,等.不同新型包膜尿素对油菜产量、品质及氮肥利用率的综合影响[J].中国土壤与肥料,2022(6):129-137.
参考文献 5
Ding W H,Lei H J,Zhang J,et al.One-time N fertilization reduces greenhouse emissions and N leaching while maintaining high yields in a rape-rice rotation system[J].Agronomy Journal,2022,114(1):427-439.
参考文献 6
Yaseen M,Ahmad A,Naveed M,et al.Subsurface-applied coated nitrogen fertilizer enhanced wheat production by improving nutrient-use efficiency with less ammonia volatilization[J]. Agronomy,2021,11(12):11122396.
参考文献 7
Geng J B,Sun Y B,Zhang M,et al.Long-term effects of controlled release urea application on crop yields and soil fertility under rice-oilseed rape rotation system[J].Field Crops Research,2015,184:65-73.
参考文献 8
程文龙,武际,韩上,等.控释尿素对土壤硝态氮含量、氮素利用和小麦产量的影响[J].中国土壤与肥料,2020(3):42-46.
参考文献 9
Kiran J K,Khanif Y M,Amminuddin H,et al.Effects of controlled release urea on the yield and nitrogen nutrition of flooded rice[J].Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis,2010,41(7):811-819.
参考文献 10
Kaur G,Zurweller B A,Nelson K A,et al.Soil waterlogging and N fertilizer management effects on corn and soybean yields[J]. Agronomy Journal,2017,109(1):97-106.
参考文献 11
Torralbo F,Boardman D,Houx J H I,et al.Distinct enhanced efficiency urea fertilizers differentially influence NH3 volatilization losses and maize yield[J].Plant and Soil,2022,475(1-2):551-563.
参考文献 12
Zebarth B J,Snowdon E,Burton D L,et al.Controlled release fertilizer product effects on potato crop response and nitrous oxide emissions under rain-fed production on a medium-textured soil[J]. Canadian Journal of Soil Science,2012,92(5):759-769.
参考文献 13
Yang L,Wang L G,Li H,et al.Impacts of fertilization alternatives and crop straw incorporation on N2O emissions from a spring maize field in Northeastern China[J].Journal of Integrative Agriculture,2014,13(4):881-892.
参考文献 14
Yu K,Fang X T,Zhang Y H,et al.Low greenhouse gases emissions associated with high N use efficiency under optimized fertilization regimes in double-rice cropping systems[J]. Applied Soil Ecology,2021,160:103846.
参考文献 15
姜玲玲,刘静,赵同科,等.有机无机配施对番茄产量和品质影响的Meta分析[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2019,25(4):601-610.
参考文献 16
Thapa R,Chatterjee A,Awale R,et al.Effect of enhanced efficiency fertilizers on nitrous oxide emissions and crop yields:a Meta-analysis[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,2016,80(5):1121-1134.
参考文献 17
Zhang G X,Zhao D H,Liu S J,et al.Can controlled-release urea replace the split application of normal urea in China?A Metaanalysis based on crop grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency[J]. Field Crops Research,2022,275:108343.
参考文献 18
Zhang W,Liang Z,He X,et al.The effects of controlled release urea on maize productivity and reactive N losses:a Metaanalysis[J].Environmental Pollution,2019,246:559-565.
参考文献 19
Wallace B C,Lajeunesse M J,Dietz G,et al.OpenMEE:intuitive,open-source software for Meta-analysis in ecology and evolutionary biology[J].Methods in Ecology and Evolution,2017,8(8):941-947.
参考文献 20
Luo Y,Hui D,Zhang D.Elevated CO2 stimulates net accumulations of carbon and nitrogen in land ecosystems:a Metaanalysis[J].Ecology,2006,87(1):53-63.
参考文献 21
Zou H,Ba C,Hou Z,et al.How optimizing application of coated controlled-release urea affects crop yield in China[J]. Agronomy Journal,2022,114(2):991-999.
参考文献 22
Geng J B,Chen J Q,Sun Y B,et al.Controlled release urea improved N use efficiency and yield of wheat and corn[J]. Agronomy Journal,2016,108(4):1666-1673.
参考文献 23
Maharjan B,Venterea R T,Rosen C.Fertilizer and irrigation management effects on nitrous oxide emissions and nitrate leaching [J].Agronomy Journal,2014,106(2):703-714.
参考文献 24
Nishimura S,Yoshimura M,Yamane T,et al.Effects of coated slow-release fertilizers on nitrous oxide emission from winter wheat field in a cool-temperate region in Japan[J].Soil Science and Plant Nutrition,2022,68(2):305-316.
参考文献 25
Linquist B A,Liu L,van Kessel C,et al.Enhanced efficiency N fertilizers for rice systems:Meta-analysis of yield and nitrogen uptake[J].Field Crops Research,2013,154:246-254.
参考文献 26
Gao W L,Bian X M.Evaluation of the agronomic impacts on yieldscaled N2O emission from wheat and maize fields in China[J]. Sustainability,2017,9(7):1201.
参考文献 27
Jiang Z W,Yang S H,Chen X,et al.Controlled release urea improves rice production and reduces environmental pollution:a research based on Meta-analysis and machine learning[J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2022,29(3):3587-3599.
参考文献 28
Lesschen J P,Velthof G L,de Vries W,e al.Differentiation of nitrous oxide emission factors for agricultural soils[J]. Environmental Pollution,2011,159(11):3215-3222.
参考文献 29
Li G H,Cheng G G,Lu W P,et al.Differences of yield and nitrogen use efficiency under different applications of slow release fertilizer in spring maize[J].Journal of Integrative Agriculture,2021,20(2):554-564.
参考文献 30
Hyatt C R,Venterea R T,Rosen C J,et al.Polymer-coated urea maintains potato yields and reduces nitrous oxide emissions in a minnesota loamy sand[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,2010,74(2):419-428.
参考文献 31
Nash P R,Motavalli P P,Nelson K A.Nitrous oxide emissions from claypan soils due to N fertilizer source and tillage/fertilizer placement practices[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,2012,76(3):983-993.
参考文献 32
Zhu S,Liu L,Xu Y,et al.Application of controlled release urea improved grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency:a Metaanalysis[J].PLoS One,2020,15(10):e0241481.
参考文献 33
高雪健,李广浩,陆卫平,等.控释尿素与普通尿素配施对糯玉米产量和氮素吸收利用的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2022,28(9):1614-1625.
参考文献 34
张木,唐拴虎,黄巧义,等.缓释尿素配施普通尿素对双季稻养分的供应特征[J].中国农业科学,2018,51(20):3985-3995.
参考文献 35
Tian X,Fan Z,Zhao Y,et al.Controlled-release urea improved cotton productivity and N use efficiency in China:a Meta-analysis[J].Agronomy Journal,2021,113(3):2251-2259.
参考文献 36
Yu Y,Xu J,Zhang P,et al.Controlled irrigation and drainage reduce rainfall runoff and N loss in paddy fields[J].International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health,2021,18(7):3348.
参考文献 37
Shao G,Li Z,Ning T,et al.Responses of photosynthesis,chlorophyll fluorescence,and grain yield of maize to controlledrelease urea and irrigation after anthesis[J].Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science,2013,176(4):595-602.
参考文献 38
Lan T,Zhang H,Han Y,et al.Regulating CH4,N2O,and NO emissions from an alkaline paddy field under rice-wheat rotation with controlled release N fertilizer[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2021,28(14):18246-18259.
参考文献 39
Ke J,He R C,Hou P F,et al.Combined controlled-released N fertilizers and deep placement effects of N leaching,rice yield and N recovery in machine-transplanted rice[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems & Environment,2018,265:402-412.
参考文献 40
Shaviv A.Advances in controlled-release fertilizers[J]. Advances in Agronomy,2001,71(1):1-49.
参考文献 41
Feng J,Li F,Deng A,et al.Integrated assessment of the impact of enhanced-efficiency nitrogen fertilizer on N2O emission and crop yield[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems & Environment,2016,231:218-228.
参考文献 42
Li P F,Lu J W,Wang Y,et al.N losses,use efficiency,and productivity of early rice under controlled-release urea[J]. Agriculture,Ecosystems & Environment,2018,251:78-87.
参考文献 43
乔丹,张树清,陈延华,等.基施控释氮肥提高华北露地大白菜产量并减少土壤 NH3 和 N2O 排放[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2022,28(6):1122-1133.
参考文献 44
Ma Q,Wang M Y,Zheng G L,et al.Twice-split application of controlled-release N fertilizer met the N demand of winter wheat [J].Field Crops Research,2021,267:108163.
参考文献 45
Yang Y C,Zhang M,Zheng L,et al.Controlled release urea improved N use efficiency,yield,and quality of wheat[J]. Agronomy Journal,2011,103(2):479-485.
目录contents

    摘要

    与常规尿素相比,施用控释尿素被认为是提高作物产量的有效措施之一。然而,影响控释尿素增产的关键因素尚不清楚。基于大量的田间数据(494 对作物产量数据),通过 Meta 分析评估了控释尿素施用对作物产量的影响及其关键影响因素。结果显示,施用控释尿素较常规尿素增产 5.0%。亚组分析表明,控释尿素在壤质土壤上较常规尿素增产 6.1%,而在砂质(-0.1%)和黏质(1.8%)土壤对作物产量无显著影响。控释尿素在中等季节降水量(7.9%)条件下较低降水量(3.8%)和高降水量(3.1%)表现出更高的增产效应。作物产量响应随土壤 pH 和季节平均温度的增加而增加,而随土壤全氮和施氮量的增加而逐渐降低。此外,控释尿素与常规尿素配施(11.2%)、雨养农田施用(6.9%)、玉米季施用(10.7%)和控释尿素撒施 + 耕作(8.1%)较控释尿素单施 (3.9%)、灌溉田施用(3.1%)、小麦和水稻季施用(0.6% ~ 4.0%)和其他控释尿素施肥方式(3.3% ~ 4.3%)显著提高了作物产量(P<0.05)。总之,施用控释尿素是农业生产中提高作物产量的有效途径,但在应用中需要充分考虑特定环境条件和管理因素对增产效应的影响。

    Abstract

    The application of controlled release urea has been recognized as an efficient measure to improve crop yield relative to conventional urea. However,the crucial factors influencing the crop yield response to controlled release urea relative to conventional urea are still unclear. In this study,the response of crop yield to controlled release urea and the crucial influencing factors were evaluated based on the collected data(494 pairwise observations for crop yield)with a Meta-analysis. Controlled release urea increased crop yield by 5.0% over conventional urea. According to subgroup analysis, controlled release urea increased crop yield by 6.1% compared to conventional urea in loam texture soil,but did not affect crop yield in sand(-0.1%)or clay(1.8%)texture soils. Controlled release urea showed a greater increase in crop yield under medium season rainfall(7.9%),relative to low(3.8%)and high season rainfalls(3.1%). In addition,the yield response to controlled release urea increased with increasing soil pH and season mean temperature,whereas it gradually decreased with increasing soil total nitrogen and nitrogen fertilizer rates. Moreover,the combined application of controlled release urea and conventional urea(11.2%),rainfed system (6.9%),maize season(10.7%),and controlled release urea broadcast+tillage(8.1%)greatly enhanced the yield response relative to the single application of controlled release urea (3.9%),irrigated system(3.1%),wheat and rice seasons(0.6%-4.0%),and other controlled release urea fertilization methods(3.3%-4.3%)(P<0.05),respectively. Overall,the application of controlled release urea was a good option to enhance crop yield in agriculture production,and the site-specific environmental factors and management practices should be considered when applying controlled release urea to increase crop yield.

  • 氮素是作物生长必需的营养元素之一,对作物高产至关重要。常规尿素施入土壤后养分迅速释放,其快速释放的氮素有时不能被作物及时吸收,易造成严重的活性氮损失,进而降低氮肥利用率、影响作物产量、加剧环境污染等[1]。尿素分次施用可以减少氮素损失并提高作物产量,但费时费力、增加额外的田间操作和劳动力投入。

  • 土壤矿质氮(NH4 +-N、NO3--N)是反映土壤供氮水平的重要指标。作为速效养分,其易被作物吸收和利用,同时也易以 N2O、NH3 排放或 NO3--N 淋溶等形式从农田流失[2]。研究表明尿素施用后土壤 N2O 和 NH3 排放速率均显著增加[3]。相对于常规尿素,控释尿素被认为是减少活性氮损失和提高作物产量的环境友好型肥料;它可以调控氮素释放速率,实现土壤氮素供应与作物氮素需求基本同步[4]。目前,控释尿素已广泛应用于小麦、玉米、水稻等大田作物。Ding 等[5]研究发现,一次性施用控释尿素可以维持或提高作物产量,并降低水稻季的氮素淋失。Yaseen 等[6]研究表明,施用控释尿素是减少 NH3 挥发的最佳技术,且提高小麦产量和氮肥利用率。此外,施用控释尿素还能显著提高土壤全氮和有机碳含量[7]

  • 肥料颗粒中氮素的释放速率及其在土壤中的形态转化是影响氮素有效性的关键步骤,也是调控作物产量的重要因素。许多研究已经探讨了控释尿素相对于常规尿素对作物产量的影响,但结果并不一致[8-11]。Kiran 等[9]在马来西亚施用硫包衣尿素和常规尿素获得了相似的水稻产量;Zebarth 等[12]在加拿大中等质地土壤上研究发现,控释尿素也未显著提高马铃薯产量。这些研究仅考虑了单一因素或地点下作物产量对控释尿素的响应,如肥料类型[13]、耕作方式[8]、作物类型[14]等,且研究因素、研究地点间存在较大差异。此外,气候因素、土壤质地和土壤肥力水平对作物产量效应的影响也无法通过单个试验获得。Meta 分析是一种有效的统计方法,可以综合多个单独研究的结果,得出一般性结论,并估计处理效应的方向和大小[15]

  • 目前,许多研究基于单个国家或全球范围的研究资料分析了控释尿素相对于常规尿素的增产效应[16-18]。然而,这些研究仅分析了单一作物或少数环境因子的影响,缺乏对不同环境条件和管理因素下控释尿素增产效应的综合考虑。而明确这些影响因子对于科学施用控释尿素以实现最佳的农学、生态和环境效益至关重要。本研究收集了全球范围内不同环境条件和管理措施下控释尿素和常规尿素施用对作物产量影响的大量田间数据,通过 Meta 分析以评价控释尿素相对于常规尿素的增产效应及关键影响因子。

  • 1 材料与方法

  • 1.1 数据收集

  • 本研究数据来源于 Web of Science 和中国知网(CNKI)数据库文献,以“控释氮肥”“控释尿素”“聚合物包膜尿素”“缓释氮肥”“环保氮肥”“增效氮肥”“氮肥来源”“化肥形态”为关键词进行文献检索(文献出版时间为 2000—2022 年),中文文献包括已发表的硕、博士学位论文。文献筛选标准如下:(1)研究均为大田试验(盆栽试验排除); (2)同一研究中必须包含配对的对照组(常规尿素)与处理组(控释尿素),每个小区除氮肥类型和施肥次数外,氮、磷、钾肥用量和田间管理措施 (耕作、秸秆还田和灌溉等)均相同;(3)文献研究内容包括氮肥对作物产量的影响。共获得符合标准的期刊文献 179 篇和学位论文 5 篇,研究地理跨度包含了 11 个国家和 142 个试验地点。作物产量数据从表格直接获取或通过 Getdata Graph Digitizer 从图片中提取,获得相匹配的有效数据 494 组,同时记录研究中的环境因子和田间管理措施,以分析其对产量效应的影响。

  • 对于数据库中的环境因子,表层土壤(0~20 cm)质地根据其颗粒组成划分为黏土、壤土和砂土; 土壤 pH 变化范围为 4.61~8.70( 平均 6.98),分为酸性(<6.5)、中性(6.5~7.5)和碱性( ≥ 7.5)[16];起始土壤全氮含量变化范围为 0.15~3.91 g/kg( 平均 1.27 g/kg),分为 <1.0、1.0~2.0 和 ≥ 2.0 g/kg; 季节降水量范围为 81~2450 mm( 平均 986 mm),分为 <400、 400~800 和 ≥ 800 mm; 季节平均温度范围为 2.6~27.5℃(平均 14.1℃),分为 <15、15~20、 20~25 和≥ 25℃。对于田间管理措施,水分管理包括雨养和灌溉,“控释尿素”和“控释尿素 + 常规尿素”(控释尿素和常规尿素以不同比例混合) 视为 2 种不同的肥料类型;施氮量(N)范围为20~420 kg/hm2 (平均 190.3 kg/hm2),分为 3 个水平:<100、100~200 和≥ 200 kg/hm2。在作物生长季,尿素一般施用 2 次或以上(基施和追施),控释尿素主要施用方式包括一次性撒施、条施和撒施 + 翻耕(撒后耕作)。

  • 1.2 数据分析

  • 采用 OpenMEE[19]并结合 Meta 分析的随机效应模型,研究不同环境因子和管理措施下控释尿素相对于常规尿素的增产效应。

  • 提取了每个文献中作物产量平均值、标准偏差 (SD)和重复数(n)。若文献提供的数据是标准误差(SE),可以通过式(1)转换为 SD

  • SD=SEn
    (1)
  • 若研究中未提供 SDSE,我们将 SD 赋值为产量平均值的 1/10[20]

  • 缓控释尿素与常规尿素的自然对数响应比(ln RR)表示该 Meta 分析的效应值:

  • lnRR=lnXt/Xc=lnXt-lnXc
    (2)
  • 式中,XtXc 分别表示控释尿素处理和常规尿素对照的平均产量。

  • lnRR 的方差(v)计算公式如下:

  • v=St2/ntXt2+Sc2/ncXc2
    (3)
  • 式中,St ScSDntnc 分别为控释尿素和常规尿素的样本重复数量。

  • 加权因子(w)和平均效应值(RR*)采用以下公式计算:

  • w=1/v
    (4)
  • lnRR'=w×lnRR
    (5)
  • RR*=i lnRRi'i wi
    (6)
  • 式中,lnRR′为加权效应大小,i 为第 i 个观测值。

  • lnRR* 的 95% 置信区间(95%CIs)用于确定统计学意义:

  • 95%CIs=lnRR±1.96SlnRR
    (7)
  • 95 % 置信区间不包含 0,则说明控释尿素与常规尿素的总体效应具有统计学差异。

  • 为了便于理解,计算百分比变化(C%)来表示效应大小:

  • C%=eRR*-1×100%
    (8)
  • 采用失安全系数的均值计算发表偏倚,若失安全系数大于 5k + 10(k 为观测数),则认为 Meta 分析是可信的。

  • 利用 SPSS 22.0 将控释尿素产量效应值与土壤pH、土壤全氮含量、施氮量和季节降水量进行回归分析。使用 R 4.0.0“随机森林”软件包中的随机森林模型预测环境因素和管理措施对产量效应的影响。所有图形均采用 Origin 2020 制作。

  • 2 结果与分析

  • 2.1 总体数据集信息

  • 根据高斯分布曲线,控释尿素对作物增产的效应值呈正态分布(R2 =0.9884,P<0.001)(图1)。发表偏倚分析的失安全系数为 199489,表明研究中的大多数结果是可信的(表1)。

  • 图1 作物产量效应值的频数分布

  • 注:拟合曲线表明作物产量效应值呈正态分布,服从高斯分布曲线。

  • 2.2 不同环境因子和管理措施下控释尿素对作物产量的影响

  • 总体分析表明,控释尿素较常规尿素增产 5.0%,不同环境条件对控释尿素的增产效应有显著影响(图2)。在不同质地土壤上,控释尿素较常规尿素在壤质土壤上增产 6.1%,但在砂质(-0.1%) 和黏质(1.8%) 土壤上增产不显著。控释尿素的增产效应随土壤 pH 的增加而增加,与土壤 pH(R2 =0.0398,P=0)呈正相关(图3a);但随土壤全氮含量的增加而逐渐降低,与土壤全氮含量(R2 =0.0453,P=0) 呈显著负相关(图3b),当全氮含量超过 2.0 g/kg 时,产量增加(0.3%)不显著。作物产量响应量随季节平均温度的升高呈增加趋势(图2),与季节平均温度呈正相关(R2 =0.027,P=0)( 图3c); 当季平均气温超过 20℃,产量效应无明显变化。低季节降水量(<400 mm)(3.8%)和高季节降水量 (≥ 800 mm)(3.1%)下作物产量对控释尿素的响应相似;但中等降水量(400~800 mm)(8.0%) 下产量响应更大,回归分析表明季节降水量与作物产量效应(R2 =0.0054,P=0.14)无显著相关性 (图3d)。

  • 表1 缓控释氮肥增产效应的出版偏差

  • 图2 不同环境条件下控释尿素较常规尿素的增产效应

  • 注:右侧数字为数据对个数,误差线表示 95% 的置信区间。

  • 管理措施也影响作物产量对控释尿素的响应 (图4)。与单施控释尿素(3.9%)相比,控释尿素与常规尿素(11.2%)配施可显著提高增产效应。雨养条件下控释尿素的增产效应(6.9%)大于灌溉条件(3.5%)。与常规尿素相比,控释尿素在低氮用量下(<100 kg/hm2)(3.5%)并未提高作物产量,增加氮肥用量(>100 kg/hm2)提高了作物增产效应,且在 100~200 kg/hm2 (7.6%)施氮量下的增产效应大于高氮水平(≥ 200 kg/hm2)(2.7%); 而回归分析表明产量效应与施氮量(R2 =0.0031, P=0.149)无显著相关性(图3e)。与常规尿素相比,控释尿素未提高小麦(0.6%)产量,但显著提高了玉米(10.7%)和水稻(4.0%)的产量,且玉米比水稻的增产效应更大。控释尿素施用方式对产量响应无显著影响,与撒施(3.7%)和条施(4.3%) 相比,撒施结合耕作(8.1%) 显著提高了增产效应。

  • 2.3 影响控释尿素增产的关键因子

  • 随机森林模型预测显示,影响控释尿素施用增产的最重要因子是土壤 pH,其次为土壤全氮含量、季节降水量、季节温度、施肥方式、氮肥用量、水分管理、作物类型、土壤质地、肥料类型 (图5)。

  • 图3 土壤 pH(a)、土壤全氮(b)、季节平均温度(c)、季节降水量(d)、氮肥用量(e)与作物产量效应值间的回归分析

  • 注:季节降水量不包括水稻季数据。

  • 图4 不同管理措施下控释尿素较常规尿素的增产效应

  • 注:右侧数字为数据对个数,误差线表示 95% 的置信区间。

  • 图5 基于随机森林回归分析预测不同环境条件和管理措施对控释尿素增产效应的影响

  • 注:季节降水量不包括水稻季数据。

  • 3 讨论

  • 3.1 控释尿素对作物产量的影响

  • 本 Meta 分析结果表明,控释尿素施用较常规尿素增产 5.0%,这与许多先前研究的结果一致[1621]。控释尿素的优点在于其能够调节氮素释放速率,实现肥料氮素供应与作物氮吸收在生育期内较好地同步,从而促进作物生长并提高产量[22]。然而,也有研究报道施用控释尿素并未较常规尿素显著增产。如 Maharjan 等[23] 在美国明尼苏达的砂质土壤研究中发现,控释尿素分次施用导致玉米产量降低了 10.0%;Nishimura 等[24]指出,在日本冷温带地区,冬小麦季施用控释尿素较常规尿素减产 17.7%。这些不同研究结果表明,控释尿素对作物产量的影响还受到其他因素的调节,如环境因子和田间管理措施。

  • 3.2 环境因子调控作物产量对控释尿素的响应

  • 作物产量对控释尿素的响应受环境因素影响较大。随机森林分析表明,土壤 pH 是影响作物产量对控释尿素响应的首要因素,其通过调节土壤养分有效性直接或间接影响作物生长。本研究中作物产量对控释尿素的响应与土壤 pH 呈正相关,Linquist 等[25]也报道了类似的结果。由于低 pH 土壤主要分布在温度和降水量均较高的热带和亚热带地区,高的温度和水分可以促进控释尿素的氮释放;但高的温度和降水量造成更多的速效氮淋溶、径流损失和 N2O 排放[26],不利于氮素供应与作物需求的同步。Jiang 等[27] 研究表明,在 pH ≥ 6 的土壤中,控释尿素可较常规尿素显著减少 N2O 排放。此外, Lesschen 等[28]还发现,在中性或微碱性土壤中,控释尿素为微生物反硝化种群提供的氮更少,从而减少 N2O 的排放。

  • 土壤温度和水分是影响控释尿素氮素释放速率的关键因子。高温高水分条件下氮素释放加快,适宜的土壤水分和温度是控释尿素氮素正常释放和作物生长所必需的[22]。在本 Meta 分析中,高的季节降水量(≥ 800 mm)下控释尿素的增产效应不如中等降水量(400~800 mm)。因为高量降水可以通过增加氮素运移速度增加 NO3- 淋溶和径流损失,高降水量下土壤易形成厌氧环境而增加土壤中 N2O 的排放,导致作物根区的氮素有效供应减少,进而影响作物对氮素的吸收和利用,减弱了其的增产效应。季节平均温度与作物增产效应呈正相关,因为适宜温度有助于维持肥料中氮素释放的稳定性,使土壤氮供应与作物氮需求基本同步。较高的温度促进了微生物活动和作物根系发育,从而增强了作物对控释肥的响应。

  • 砂质和黏质土壤对控释尿素的增产效应无显著影响,但壤质土壤的产量响应显著增加。土壤质地是塑造土壤孔隙大小和分布的重要因素,因此影响土壤通透性和氮有效性[29]。壤质土壤具有良好的通透性和水肥保持能力,有利于植物根系生长和土壤微生物活动,同时控释尿素缓慢释放的氮有利于作物同步吸收利用而提高其产量。而砂质土壤通常具有低的水肥保持能力,易造成氮素损失[30],如通过硝化作用淋溶到地下水或以氨挥发至大气。而黏质土壤,尤其是排水性差的土壤,不利于作物对氮素的吸收,增加了反硝化导致的氮素损失[31]

  • 控释尿素的增产效应与土壤全氮含量呈显著负相关,当全氮 <1.0 g/kg 时的增产效应最显著。Zhu 等[32]也发现作物产量对控释尿素的响应随土壤全氮含量的增加而降低。因为土壤氮含量较高时,仅土壤氮供应即可满足作物生育期大部分氮需求,尽管控释尿素可调控氮素释放来同步氮素供应,但控释肥源氮对作物增产量的贡献较小。相反,低氮土壤的土壤氮供应相对作物需求不足,常规尿素的氮素快速释放后可产生较大的损失,可能导致作物生长后期氮素供应不足,而控释尿素能较好地同步氮素供应和作物氮需求而实现作物高产。

  • 3.3 管理措施调控作物产量对控释尿素的响应

  • 不同管理措施可以改变土壤理化特状而影响肥料氮的释放及其在不同形态间的转化。本研究中,与单施控释尿素相比,控释尿素和常规尿素配施的增产效应显著提高,这与 Zou 等[21]和高雪健等[33] 的研究结果一致。常规尿素入土后迅速转化为速效氮,导致作物生长前期土壤氮素供应充足,这对于生育期较短且生长在低氮素土壤的作物十分重要。控释尿素缓慢的氮素释放可能导致作物生长前期土壤供氮不足,从而限制作物生长。因此,将控释尿素与常规尿素以一定比例配施,可以更好地实现土壤氮素供应与作物氮素需求的同步。张木等[34]发现 75% 控释尿素配施 25% 常规尿素在早、晚稻上均获得较高产量。Tian 等[35]的研究也表明,当控释尿素占总施氮量的 70% 以上时,与等量常规尿素单施相比,控释尿素与常规尿素配施的氮肥利用率提高了 18.1%~24.7%。

  • 相比于灌溉农田,雨养农田对控释尿素的增产效应更为显著。氮主要通过水分在土壤和水介质间的流动进行运输,因此土壤水分管理对氮的有效性具有重要影响[36]。Shao 等[37]研究也发现,在灌溉条件下施用控释尿素和常规尿素的玉米产量均较雨养下显著提高,但雨养下控释尿素较常规尿素的增产幅度高于灌溉处理。这与常规尿素在雨养下的损失率较高有关[38]。本研究表明,撒施结合耕作下控释氮肥表现出显著的增产效应。肥料撒施不利于控释肥养分释放,增加了释放氮的氨挥发和活性氮径流损失,无法确保肥料氮在适当的时间和位点供作物吸收,而撒施后翻耕可将肥料深埋于土壤,能减少活性氮的损失,并调节作物根际的氮素状况[39]

  • 回归分析结果显示,作物产量对控释尿素的响应与施氮量无显著相关性,但随着施氮量的增加,作物增产效应呈下降趋势。在低施氮量下,控释尿素较常规尿素并未增产,可能因为低氮供应限制了作物的生长。然而,在中等氮水平下,控释尿素表现出最大的增产潜力,这与 Jiang 等[27]的研究结果一致。当施氮量过高时,供氮量可能远超作物需氮量,导致控释尿素氮供应与作物需氮匹配的效果难以体现,这与高氮土壤的情况类似。

  • 对于不同作物,本 Meta 分析中玉米增产效应最高,水稻次之,而对小麦无显著影响。这些差异主要与作物生长季温度和土壤含水量有关。玉米和水稻季(夏季)的平均气温普遍较高,而小麦季 (冬季和春季)则较低。控释尿素的氮释放速率随温度的升高而增加[40]。与玉米和水稻季相比,低温和少雨抑制了冬小麦前期控释尿素的氮素释放,影响了土壤氮素供应[222]。玉米雨热同期,有利于控释尿素的氮释放。而稻田淹水削弱了控释尿素控制氮释放的效果,导致更多的 NH3 和 N2O 产生,而旱地有利于玉米季降低 N2O 排放[2641]。Gao 等[26]也发现控释尿素相对常规尿素在干旱地区的增产效果优于湿润地区。

  • 在本研究中,仅关注了控释尿素相对于常规尿素对作物产量响应的影响。而控释尿素施用也是减少土壤活性氮损失和提高氮肥利用率的重要措施[42]。先前的 Meta 分析表明,玉米季施用控释尿素可以使氮肥利用率提高 24.1%,减少氮淋溶 27.1%、N2O 排放 23.8% 和 NH3 挥发 39.4%[18],其他研究也得到了类似的结论[1643]。因此,控释尿素在提高作物产量的同时,还能显著降低活性氮损失和提高氮肥利用率。

  • 3.4 研究的局限性

  • 试验数据的数量和质量对 Meta 分析结果的可靠性有重要影响。本研究中,试验数据主要来自壤质或黏质土壤,仅约 4.9% 的数据来自砂质土壤。控释尿素的氮素释放期是影响其氮素释放和作物吸收的重要因素。然而,不同研究在同种作物上应用的控释尿素氮素释放期存在较大差异。如冬小麦季使用的控释尿素氮素释放期有 40[24]、90[38]、 90~120[44]、120 和 180 d[45]不等,即使排除其他因素的影响,这也会导致作物产量效应的显著差异。此外,本 Meta 分析未考虑不同因素对作物产量的交互影响,实际上,作物产量的提高是多个因素综合作用的结果。

  • 4 结论

  • 根据全球范围内的 Meta 分析,控释尿素施用较常规尿素显著增加作物产量,土壤 pH、土壤全氮含量、作物生长季的降水量和温度以及氮肥用量是影响作物产量响应的主要因素。相对于其他环境条件,控释尿素在壤质土壤、碱性土壤、低氮土壤、中等降水量和高季节平均温度下显著提高了作物产量。相对于其他管理措施,玉米季、控释尿素与常规尿素配施、雨养农田、肥料撒施结合耕作是提高控释尿素增产效应的较优措施。本研究明确了影响控释尿素增产效应的关键因素,对基于特定环境和管理因素优化控释尿素施用以提高作物产量具有重要意义。

  • 参考文献

    • [1] Kaneko F H,Ferreira J P,Leal A J F,et al.Ammonia volatilization in response to coated and conventional urea in maize crop field[J].Bioscience Journal,2019,35:713-722.

    • [2] Zheng W,Liu Z,Zhang M,et al.Improving crop yields,N use efficiencies,and profits by using mixtures of coated controlledreleased and uncoated urea in a wheat-maize system[J].Field Crops Research,2017,205:106-115.

    • [3] Bhaskar K A,Al-Hashimi A,Meena M,et al.Conservation agricultural practices for minimizing ammonia volatilization and maximizing wheat productivity[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2022,29(7):9792-9804.

    • [4] 王小军,张智,王春丽,等.不同新型包膜尿素对油菜产量、品质及氮肥利用率的综合影响[J].中国土壤与肥料,2022(6):129-137.

    • [5] Ding W H,Lei H J,Zhang J,et al.One-time N fertilization reduces greenhouse emissions and N leaching while maintaining high yields in a rape-rice rotation system[J].Agronomy Journal,2022,114(1):427-439.

    • [6] Yaseen M,Ahmad A,Naveed M,et al.Subsurface-applied coated nitrogen fertilizer enhanced wheat production by improving nutrient-use efficiency with less ammonia volatilization[J]. Agronomy,2021,11(12):11122396.

    • [7] Geng J B,Sun Y B,Zhang M,et al.Long-term effects of controlled release urea application on crop yields and soil fertility under rice-oilseed rape rotation system[J].Field Crops Research,2015,184:65-73.

    • [8] 程文龙,武际,韩上,等.控释尿素对土壤硝态氮含量、氮素利用和小麦产量的影响[J].中国土壤与肥料,2020(3):42-46.

    • [9] Kiran J K,Khanif Y M,Amminuddin H,et al.Effects of controlled release urea on the yield and nitrogen nutrition of flooded rice[J].Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis,2010,41(7):811-819.

    • [10] Kaur G,Zurweller B A,Nelson K A,et al.Soil waterlogging and N fertilizer management effects on corn and soybean yields[J]. Agronomy Journal,2017,109(1):97-106.

    • [11] Torralbo F,Boardman D,Houx J H I,et al.Distinct enhanced efficiency urea fertilizers differentially influence NH3 volatilization losses and maize yield[J].Plant and Soil,2022,475(1-2):551-563.

    • [12] Zebarth B J,Snowdon E,Burton D L,et al.Controlled release fertilizer product effects on potato crop response and nitrous oxide emissions under rain-fed production on a medium-textured soil[J]. Canadian Journal of Soil Science,2012,92(5):759-769.

    • [13] Yang L,Wang L G,Li H,et al.Impacts of fertilization alternatives and crop straw incorporation on N2O emissions from a spring maize field in Northeastern China[J].Journal of Integrative Agriculture,2014,13(4):881-892.

    • [14] Yu K,Fang X T,Zhang Y H,et al.Low greenhouse gases emissions associated with high N use efficiency under optimized fertilization regimes in double-rice cropping systems[J]. Applied Soil Ecology,2021,160:103846.

    • [15] 姜玲玲,刘静,赵同科,等.有机无机配施对番茄产量和品质影响的Meta分析[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2019,25(4):601-610.

    • [16] Thapa R,Chatterjee A,Awale R,et al.Effect of enhanced efficiency fertilizers on nitrous oxide emissions and crop yields:a Meta-analysis[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,2016,80(5):1121-1134.

    • [17] Zhang G X,Zhao D H,Liu S J,et al.Can controlled-release urea replace the split application of normal urea in China?A Metaanalysis based on crop grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency[J]. Field Crops Research,2022,275:108343.

    • [18] Zhang W,Liang Z,He X,et al.The effects of controlled release urea on maize productivity and reactive N losses:a Metaanalysis[J].Environmental Pollution,2019,246:559-565.

    • [19] Wallace B C,Lajeunesse M J,Dietz G,et al.OpenMEE:intuitive,open-source software for Meta-analysis in ecology and evolutionary biology[J].Methods in Ecology and Evolution,2017,8(8):941-947.

    • [20] Luo Y,Hui D,Zhang D.Elevated CO2 stimulates net accumulations of carbon and nitrogen in land ecosystems:a Metaanalysis[J].Ecology,2006,87(1):53-63.

    • [21] Zou H,Ba C,Hou Z,et al.How optimizing application of coated controlled-release urea affects crop yield in China[J]. Agronomy Journal,2022,114(2):991-999.

    • [22] Geng J B,Chen J Q,Sun Y B,et al.Controlled release urea improved N use efficiency and yield of wheat and corn[J]. Agronomy Journal,2016,108(4):1666-1673.

    • [23] Maharjan B,Venterea R T,Rosen C.Fertilizer and irrigation management effects on nitrous oxide emissions and nitrate leaching [J].Agronomy Journal,2014,106(2):703-714.

    • [24] Nishimura S,Yoshimura M,Yamane T,et al.Effects of coated slow-release fertilizers on nitrous oxide emission from winter wheat field in a cool-temperate region in Japan[J].Soil Science and Plant Nutrition,2022,68(2):305-316.

    • [25] Linquist B A,Liu L,van Kessel C,et al.Enhanced efficiency N fertilizers for rice systems:Meta-analysis of yield and nitrogen uptake[J].Field Crops Research,2013,154:246-254.

    • [26] Gao W L,Bian X M.Evaluation of the agronomic impacts on yieldscaled N2O emission from wheat and maize fields in China[J]. Sustainability,2017,9(7):1201.

    • [27] Jiang Z W,Yang S H,Chen X,et al.Controlled release urea improves rice production and reduces environmental pollution:a research based on Meta-analysis and machine learning[J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2022,29(3):3587-3599.

    • [28] Lesschen J P,Velthof G L,de Vries W,e al.Differentiation of nitrous oxide emission factors for agricultural soils[J]. Environmental Pollution,2011,159(11):3215-3222.

    • [29] Li G H,Cheng G G,Lu W P,et al.Differences of yield and nitrogen use efficiency under different applications of slow release fertilizer in spring maize[J].Journal of Integrative Agriculture,2021,20(2):554-564.

    • [30] Hyatt C R,Venterea R T,Rosen C J,et al.Polymer-coated urea maintains potato yields and reduces nitrous oxide emissions in a minnesota loamy sand[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,2010,74(2):419-428.

    • [31] Nash P R,Motavalli P P,Nelson K A.Nitrous oxide emissions from claypan soils due to N fertilizer source and tillage/fertilizer placement practices[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,2012,76(3):983-993.

    • [32] Zhu S,Liu L,Xu Y,et al.Application of controlled release urea improved grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency:a Metaanalysis[J].PLoS One,2020,15(10):e0241481.

    • [33] 高雪健,李广浩,陆卫平,等.控释尿素与普通尿素配施对糯玉米产量和氮素吸收利用的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2022,28(9):1614-1625.

    • [34] 张木,唐拴虎,黄巧义,等.缓释尿素配施普通尿素对双季稻养分的供应特征[J].中国农业科学,2018,51(20):3985-3995.

    • [35] Tian X,Fan Z,Zhao Y,et al.Controlled-release urea improved cotton productivity and N use efficiency in China:a Meta-analysis[J].Agronomy Journal,2021,113(3):2251-2259.

    • [36] Yu Y,Xu J,Zhang P,et al.Controlled irrigation and drainage reduce rainfall runoff and N loss in paddy fields[J].International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health,2021,18(7):3348.

    • [37] Shao G,Li Z,Ning T,et al.Responses of photosynthesis,chlorophyll fluorescence,and grain yield of maize to controlledrelease urea and irrigation after anthesis[J].Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science,2013,176(4):595-602.

    • [38] Lan T,Zhang H,Han Y,et al.Regulating CH4,N2O,and NO emissions from an alkaline paddy field under rice-wheat rotation with controlled release N fertilizer[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2021,28(14):18246-18259.

    • [39] Ke J,He R C,Hou P F,et al.Combined controlled-released N fertilizers and deep placement effects of N leaching,rice yield and N recovery in machine-transplanted rice[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems & Environment,2018,265:402-412.

    • [40] Shaviv A.Advances in controlled-release fertilizers[J]. Advances in Agronomy,2001,71(1):1-49.

    • [41] Feng J,Li F,Deng A,et al.Integrated assessment of the impact of enhanced-efficiency nitrogen fertilizer on N2O emission and crop yield[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems & Environment,2016,231:218-228.

    • [42] Li P F,Lu J W,Wang Y,et al.N losses,use efficiency,and productivity of early rice under controlled-release urea[J]. Agriculture,Ecosystems & Environment,2018,251:78-87.

    • [43] 乔丹,张树清,陈延华,等.基施控释氮肥提高华北露地大白菜产量并减少土壤 NH3 和 N2O 排放[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2022,28(6):1122-1133.

    • [44] Ma Q,Wang M Y,Zheng G L,et al.Twice-split application of controlled-release N fertilizer met the N demand of winter wheat [J].Field Crops Research,2021,267:108163.

    • [45] Yang Y C,Zhang M,Zheng L,et al.Controlled release urea improved N use efficiency,yield,and quality of wheat[J]. Agronomy Journal,2011,103(2):479-485.

  • 参考文献

    • [1] Kaneko F H,Ferreira J P,Leal A J F,et al.Ammonia volatilization in response to coated and conventional urea in maize crop field[J].Bioscience Journal,2019,35:713-722.

    • [2] Zheng W,Liu Z,Zhang M,et al.Improving crop yields,N use efficiencies,and profits by using mixtures of coated controlledreleased and uncoated urea in a wheat-maize system[J].Field Crops Research,2017,205:106-115.

    • [3] Bhaskar K A,Al-Hashimi A,Meena M,et al.Conservation agricultural practices for minimizing ammonia volatilization and maximizing wheat productivity[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2022,29(7):9792-9804.

    • [4] 王小军,张智,王春丽,等.不同新型包膜尿素对油菜产量、品质及氮肥利用率的综合影响[J].中国土壤与肥料,2022(6):129-137.

    • [5] Ding W H,Lei H J,Zhang J,et al.One-time N fertilization reduces greenhouse emissions and N leaching while maintaining high yields in a rape-rice rotation system[J].Agronomy Journal,2022,114(1):427-439.

    • [6] Yaseen M,Ahmad A,Naveed M,et al.Subsurface-applied coated nitrogen fertilizer enhanced wheat production by improving nutrient-use efficiency with less ammonia volatilization[J]. Agronomy,2021,11(12):11122396.

    • [7] Geng J B,Sun Y B,Zhang M,et al.Long-term effects of controlled release urea application on crop yields and soil fertility under rice-oilseed rape rotation system[J].Field Crops Research,2015,184:65-73.

    • [8] 程文龙,武际,韩上,等.控释尿素对土壤硝态氮含量、氮素利用和小麦产量的影响[J].中国土壤与肥料,2020(3):42-46.

    • [9] Kiran J K,Khanif Y M,Amminuddin H,et al.Effects of controlled release urea on the yield and nitrogen nutrition of flooded rice[J].Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis,2010,41(7):811-819.

    • [10] Kaur G,Zurweller B A,Nelson K A,et al.Soil waterlogging and N fertilizer management effects on corn and soybean yields[J]. Agronomy Journal,2017,109(1):97-106.

    • [11] Torralbo F,Boardman D,Houx J H I,et al.Distinct enhanced efficiency urea fertilizers differentially influence NH3 volatilization losses and maize yield[J].Plant and Soil,2022,475(1-2):551-563.

    • [12] Zebarth B J,Snowdon E,Burton D L,et al.Controlled release fertilizer product effects on potato crop response and nitrous oxide emissions under rain-fed production on a medium-textured soil[J]. Canadian Journal of Soil Science,2012,92(5):759-769.

    • [13] Yang L,Wang L G,Li H,et al.Impacts of fertilization alternatives and crop straw incorporation on N2O emissions from a spring maize field in Northeastern China[J].Journal of Integrative Agriculture,2014,13(4):881-892.

    • [14] Yu K,Fang X T,Zhang Y H,et al.Low greenhouse gases emissions associated with high N use efficiency under optimized fertilization regimes in double-rice cropping systems[J]. Applied Soil Ecology,2021,160:103846.

    • [15] 姜玲玲,刘静,赵同科,等.有机无机配施对番茄产量和品质影响的Meta分析[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2019,25(4):601-610.

    • [16] Thapa R,Chatterjee A,Awale R,et al.Effect of enhanced efficiency fertilizers on nitrous oxide emissions and crop yields:a Meta-analysis[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,2016,80(5):1121-1134.

    • [17] Zhang G X,Zhao D H,Liu S J,et al.Can controlled-release urea replace the split application of normal urea in China?A Metaanalysis based on crop grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency[J]. Field Crops Research,2022,275:108343.

    • [18] Zhang W,Liang Z,He X,et al.The effects of controlled release urea on maize productivity and reactive N losses:a Metaanalysis[J].Environmental Pollution,2019,246:559-565.

    • [19] Wallace B C,Lajeunesse M J,Dietz G,et al.OpenMEE:intuitive,open-source software for Meta-analysis in ecology and evolutionary biology[J].Methods in Ecology and Evolution,2017,8(8):941-947.

    • [20] Luo Y,Hui D,Zhang D.Elevated CO2 stimulates net accumulations of carbon and nitrogen in land ecosystems:a Metaanalysis[J].Ecology,2006,87(1):53-63.

    • [21] Zou H,Ba C,Hou Z,et al.How optimizing application of coated controlled-release urea affects crop yield in China[J]. Agronomy Journal,2022,114(2):991-999.

    • [22] Geng J B,Chen J Q,Sun Y B,et al.Controlled release urea improved N use efficiency and yield of wheat and corn[J]. Agronomy Journal,2016,108(4):1666-1673.

    • [23] Maharjan B,Venterea R T,Rosen C.Fertilizer and irrigation management effects on nitrous oxide emissions and nitrate leaching [J].Agronomy Journal,2014,106(2):703-714.

    • [24] Nishimura S,Yoshimura M,Yamane T,et al.Effects of coated slow-release fertilizers on nitrous oxide emission from winter wheat field in a cool-temperate region in Japan[J].Soil Science and Plant Nutrition,2022,68(2):305-316.

    • [25] Linquist B A,Liu L,van Kessel C,et al.Enhanced efficiency N fertilizers for rice systems:Meta-analysis of yield and nitrogen uptake[J].Field Crops Research,2013,154:246-254.

    • [26] Gao W L,Bian X M.Evaluation of the agronomic impacts on yieldscaled N2O emission from wheat and maize fields in China[J]. Sustainability,2017,9(7):1201.

    • [27] Jiang Z W,Yang S H,Chen X,et al.Controlled release urea improves rice production and reduces environmental pollution:a research based on Meta-analysis and machine learning[J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2022,29(3):3587-3599.

    • [28] Lesschen J P,Velthof G L,de Vries W,e al.Differentiation of nitrous oxide emission factors for agricultural soils[J]. Environmental Pollution,2011,159(11):3215-3222.

    • [29] Li G H,Cheng G G,Lu W P,et al.Differences of yield and nitrogen use efficiency under different applications of slow release fertilizer in spring maize[J].Journal of Integrative Agriculture,2021,20(2):554-564.

    • [30] Hyatt C R,Venterea R T,Rosen C J,et al.Polymer-coated urea maintains potato yields and reduces nitrous oxide emissions in a minnesota loamy sand[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,2010,74(2):419-428.

    • [31] Nash P R,Motavalli P P,Nelson K A.Nitrous oxide emissions from claypan soils due to N fertilizer source and tillage/fertilizer placement practices[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,2012,76(3):983-993.

    • [32] Zhu S,Liu L,Xu Y,et al.Application of controlled release urea improved grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency:a Metaanalysis[J].PLoS One,2020,15(10):e0241481.

    • [33] 高雪健,李广浩,陆卫平,等.控释尿素与普通尿素配施对糯玉米产量和氮素吸收利用的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2022,28(9):1614-1625.

    • [34] 张木,唐拴虎,黄巧义,等.缓释尿素配施普通尿素对双季稻养分的供应特征[J].中国农业科学,2018,51(20):3985-3995.

    • [35] Tian X,Fan Z,Zhao Y,et al.Controlled-release urea improved cotton productivity and N use efficiency in China:a Meta-analysis[J].Agronomy Journal,2021,113(3):2251-2259.

    • [36] Yu Y,Xu J,Zhang P,et al.Controlled irrigation and drainage reduce rainfall runoff and N loss in paddy fields[J].International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health,2021,18(7):3348.

    • [37] Shao G,Li Z,Ning T,et al.Responses of photosynthesis,chlorophyll fluorescence,and grain yield of maize to controlledrelease urea and irrigation after anthesis[J].Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science,2013,176(4):595-602.

    • [38] Lan T,Zhang H,Han Y,et al.Regulating CH4,N2O,and NO emissions from an alkaline paddy field under rice-wheat rotation with controlled release N fertilizer[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2021,28(14):18246-18259.

    • [39] Ke J,He R C,Hou P F,et al.Combined controlled-released N fertilizers and deep placement effects of N leaching,rice yield and N recovery in machine-transplanted rice[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems & Environment,2018,265:402-412.

    • [40] Shaviv A.Advances in controlled-release fertilizers[J]. Advances in Agronomy,2001,71(1):1-49.

    • [41] Feng J,Li F,Deng A,et al.Integrated assessment of the impact of enhanced-efficiency nitrogen fertilizer on N2O emission and crop yield[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems & Environment,2016,231:218-228.

    • [42] Li P F,Lu J W,Wang Y,et al.N losses,use efficiency,and productivity of early rice under controlled-release urea[J]. Agriculture,Ecosystems & Environment,2018,251:78-87.

    • [43] 乔丹,张树清,陈延华,等.基施控释氮肥提高华北露地大白菜产量并减少土壤 NH3 和 N2O 排放[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2022,28(6):1122-1133.

    • [44] Ma Q,Wang M Y,Zheng G L,et al.Twice-split application of controlled-release N fertilizer met the N demand of winter wheat [J].Field Crops Research,2021,267:108163.

    • [45] Yang Y C,Zhang M,Zheng L,et al.Controlled release urea improved N use efficiency,yield,and quality of wheat[J]. Agronomy Journal,2011,103(2):479-485.

  • 《中国土壤与肥料》招聘启事
    关闭